Перевод: со всех языков на английский

с английского на все языки

require support

  • 1 behoeven

    1 [nodig hebben] (be in) need (of) ⇒ require
    ♦voorbeelden:
    1   ondersteuning behoeven • require support
         dit behoeft enige toelichting • this requires some explanation
    1 [nodig zijn] need

    Van Dale Handwoordenboek Nederlands-Engels > behoeven

  • 2 нуждаться в поддержке

    1) Diplomatic term: (чьей-л.) require support
    2) Mass media: lack support

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > нуждаться в поддержке

  • 3 нуждаться в (чьей-л.) поддержке

    Diplomatic term: require support

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > нуждаться в (чьей-л.) поддержке

  • 4 нуждаться в поддержке для избежания дефолта

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > нуждаться в поддержке для избежания дефолта

  • 5 Л-132

    ОТРЕЗАННЫЙ ЛОМОТЬ NP sing only subj compl with copula (subj: human, pres or past fixed WO
    1. a person ( usu. a grown-up son or, less often, daughter) who no longer lives with his family, who has become independent and does not require support
    X - отрезанный ломоть = X is on his own
    X is (has become) his own man (her own woman, his own master) X has left the nest X has cut loose.
    «Что делать, Вася! Сын - отрезанный ломоть. Он что сокол: захотел - прилетел, захотел - улетел...» (Тургенев 2). "What can we do, Vasya! Our son's his own master now. He's like a free bird of the skies: he wanted to come -came flying to us, wanted to go -and flew away" (2e).
    2. a person who has dissociated himself from his milieu, from his traditional way of life, from his usual activity
    X - отрезанный ломоть - X is cut off (from his country (his milieu etc))
    (in limited contexts) X is a lone wolf.
    ...В Одессе он (Бунин) застрял: не хотел сделаться эмигрантом, отрезанным ломтём упрямо надеялся на чудо — на конец большевиков, погибель советской власти и на возвращение в Москву под звон кремлёвских колоколов (Катаев 3)...In Odessa he (Bunin) has stuck: he did not want to become an emigre, cut off from his country, he was stubbornly hoping for a miracle-for the Bolsheviks to be defeated, Soviet rule overthrown and his return to Moscow amid the triumphant ringing of the Kremlin bells (3a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > Л-132

  • 6 отрезанный ломоть

    [NP; sing only; subj-compl with copula (subj: human), pres or past; fixed WO]
    =====
    1. a person (usu. a grown-up son or, less often, daughter) who no longer lives with his family, who has become independent and does not require support:
    - X is (has become) his own man (her own woman, his own master);
    - X has cut loose.
         ♦ "Что делать, Вася! Сын - отрезанный ломоть. Он что сокол: захотел - прилетел, захотел - улетел..." (Тургенев 2). "What can we do, Vasya! Our son's his own master now He's like a free bird of the skies: he wanted to come-came flying to us; wanted to go and flew away" (2e).
    2. a person who has dissociated himself from his milieu, from his traditional way of life, from his usual activity:
    - X - отрезанный ломоть≈ X is cut off (from his country <his milieu etc >);
    - [in limited contexts] X is a lone wolf.
         ♦...В Одессе он [Бунин] застрял: не хотел сделаться эмигрантом, отрезанным ломтем; упрямо надеялся на чудо - на конец большевиков, погибель советской власти и на возвращение в Москву под звон кремлёвских колоколов (Катаев 3)...In Odessa he [Bunin] has stuck: he did not want to become an emigre, cut off from his country, he was stubbornly hoping for a miracle-for the Bolsheviks to be defeated, Soviet rule overthrown and his return to Moscow amid the triumphant ringing of the Kremlin bells (3a).

    Большой русско-английский фразеологический словарь > отрезанный ломоть

  • 7 ondersteuning behoeven

    ondersteuning behoeven

    Van Dale Handwoordenboek Nederlands-Engels > ondersteuning behoeven

  • 8 поддержка поддержк·а

    support, backing, aid, committal, favour, endorsement, underpinning

    выступающий в поддержку (резолюции, кандидатуры и т.п.) — seconder (of smth.)

    встретить горячую поддержку — to receive / to meet whole-hearted support

    выступать в поддержку какой-л. точки зрения — to advocate a viewpoint, to speak in support of a viewpoint

    заручиться чьей-л. поддержкой — to enlist smb.'s aid / cooperation / support, to secure the backing of smb.

    искать поддержку — to seek / to drum up support

    нуждаться в чьей-л. поддержке — to require smb.'s support

    оказывать поддержку — to sustain / to maintain / to give / to extend support

    получить поддержку — to get / to obtain support

    пользоваться поддержкой кого-л. — to enjoy the backing of smb.

    пользоваться полной поддержкой кого-л. — to have the full sanction of smb.

    предоставить поддержку — to grant / to lend / to render aid / support

    прекратить поддержку — to stop / to halt / to alienate support

    рассчитывать на чью-л.поддержку — to bank on smb.'s support

    военная поддержка — military support / underpinning

    всесторонняя поддержка — all-out / all-round support

    политическая поддержка — political support / backing

    поддержка размещаемого на рынке выпуска ценных бумаг банковским синдикатом (с целью сохранения уровня курса) — sponsorship

    Russian-english dctionary of diplomacy > поддержка поддержк·а

  • 9 reclamar

    v.
    1 to demand, to ask for.
    le he reclamado todo el dinero que me debe I've demanded that he return to me all the money he owes me
    la multitud reclamaba que cantara otra canción the crowd clamored for her to sing another song
    2 to demand, to require.
    el negocio reclama toda mi atención the business requires o demands all my attention
    3 to ask for.
    te reclaman en la oficina they're asking for you at the office
    4 to protest.
    5 to claim, to ask for, to demand, to lay claim to.
    Ellos reclaman su premio They claim their prize.
    6 to reclaim, to recover, to recuperate.
    Reclamaron mucha tierra junto al mar They reclaimed a lot of land by the sea
    7 to complain.
    Ellos reclaman siempre They always complain.
    8 to file a claim, to lodge a claim.
    Ellos reclamaron hace un mes They filed a claim about a month ago.
    * * *
    1 (pedir) to demand, claim
    2 (exigir) to require, demand
    1 (protestar) to protest ( contra, against)
    2 DERECHO to appeal
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) [+ herencia, tierras] to claim; [+ derechos] to demand
    2) [+ atención, solución] to demand
    3) [+ aves] to call to
    2.
    VI (=quejarse) to complain

    reclamar contra una sentencia — (Jur) to appeal against a sentence

    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    a) persona <derecho/indemnización> to claim; ( con insistencia) to demand
    b) situación/problema to require, demand
    2.
    reclamar vi to complain
    * * *
    = claim, recall, lay + claim(s) to, clamour for [clamor, -USA], reclaim, make + claim, place + claim, call on/upon, contest, appeal.
    Ex. Periodicals control -- the procedures for receiving, ( claiming), and binding single issues of periodicals and serials -- is restricted to authorized users.
    Ex. To send a recall, display the circulation status of the copy to be recalled.
    Ex. If librarians would calmly and publicly and increasingly lay claim to this area as their professional domain, they would gradually bring about the change in attitude that many desire to see.
    Ex. I've seen people clamor for a say and when it's given to them they don't take it.
    Ex. The article ' Reclaiming our technological future' discusses the effects of electronic technology on the future development of libraries and librarians.
    Ex. The claim is made that society is evolving from one whose formal communication patterns have, for centuries, been based primarily on print on paper to one in which communication channels will be largely paperless (electronic).
    Ex. Overall the on-line method of placing claims was preferred because it resulted in a faster response from the vendor and a quicker receipt of the journal.
    Ex. This article calls on libraries to forge a renewed national commitment to cooperate in the building of a national information network for scholarly communications.
    Ex. Unfortunately I have not been able to find another survey which incorporates data which would support or contest the conclusions of the Luton survey.
    Ex. The judge rejected it because it was considered an intimidation tactic and there was no opportunity for those denied voting from appealing before the polls closed.
    ----
    * reclamar daños = claim + damages.
    * reclamar el control de = make + claim upon.
    * reclamar el derecho a Algo = stake + Posesivo + claim.
    * reclamar una decisión = appeal + decision.
    * reclamar venganza = bay for + blood, bay for + vengeance.
    * sin reclamar = unredeemed.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    a) persona <derecho/indemnización> to claim; ( con insistencia) to demand
    b) situación/problema to require, demand
    2.
    reclamar vi to complain
    * * *
    = claim, recall, lay + claim(s) to, clamour for [clamor, -USA], reclaim, make + claim, place + claim, call on/upon, contest, appeal.

    Ex: Periodicals control -- the procedures for receiving, ( claiming), and binding single issues of periodicals and serials -- is restricted to authorized users.

    Ex: To send a recall, display the circulation status of the copy to be recalled.
    Ex: If librarians would calmly and publicly and increasingly lay claim to this area as their professional domain, they would gradually bring about the change in attitude that many desire to see.
    Ex: I've seen people clamor for a say and when it's given to them they don't take it.
    Ex: The article ' Reclaiming our technological future' discusses the effects of electronic technology on the future development of libraries and librarians.
    Ex: The claim is made that society is evolving from one whose formal communication patterns have, for centuries, been based primarily on print on paper to one in which communication channels will be largely paperless (electronic).
    Ex: Overall the on-line method of placing claims was preferred because it resulted in a faster response from the vendor and a quicker receipt of the journal.
    Ex: This article calls on libraries to forge a renewed national commitment to cooperate in the building of a national information network for scholarly communications.
    Ex: Unfortunately I have not been able to find another survey which incorporates data which would support or contest the conclusions of the Luton survey.
    Ex: The judge rejected it because it was considered an intimidation tactic and there was no opportunity for those denied voting from appealing before the polls closed.
    * reclamar daños = claim + damages.
    * reclamar el control de = make + claim upon.
    * reclamar el derecho a Algo = stake + Posesivo + claim.
    * reclamar una decisión = appeal + decision.
    * reclamar venganza = bay for + blood, bay for + vengeance.
    * sin reclamar = unredeemed.

    * * *
    reclamar [A1 ]
    vt
    1 «persona» ‹derecho/indemnización› to claim; (con insistencia) to demand
    si no reclama el pago dentro de seis meses if you do not claim payment within six months
    reclamó su parte de los beneficios he claimed his share of the profits
    los manifestantes reclamaban el derecho al voto the demonstrators were demanding the right to vote
    el enfermo reclamaba constantemente atención the patient was constantly demanding attention
    2 «situación/problema» to require, demand
    la situación reclama mucho tacto the situation calls for o requires a great deal of tact
    estos problemas reclaman soluciones inmediatas these problems need to be sorted out immediately, these problems require o demand immediate solutions
    ■ reclamar
    vi
    to complain
    tiene derecho a reclamar si no está satisfecho you have the right to complain o to make a complaint if you are not satisfied
    reclamó ante los tribunales she took the matter to court
    reclamé contra la multa I appealed against the fine
    * * *

     

    reclamar ( conjugate reclamar) verbo transitivo
    a) [ persona] ‹derecho/indemnización› to claim;

    ( con insistencia) to demand
    b) [situación/problema] to require, demand

    verbo intransitivo
    to complain;

    reclamar
    I verbo transitivo
    1 (un derecho, una propiedad) to claim, demand
    2 (requerir) to call: la empresa lo reclama en la sede central, the company have summoned him to the headquarters
    Jur (a un testigo, inculpado) to summon
    3 (exigir) este trabajo reclama nuestra paciencia, this work demands our patience
    II verbo intransitivo
    1 to complain, protest [contra, against]
    2 Jur to appeal

    ' reclamar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    reivindicar
    English:
    claim
    - demand
    - reclaim
    - stake
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [pedir, exigir] to demand, to ask for;
    le he reclamado todo el dinero que me debe I've demanded that he return to me all the money he owes me;
    reclamó ante un tribunal una indemnización she went to court to claim compensation;
    la multitud reclamaba que cantara otra canción the crowd clamoured for her to sing another song
    2. [necesitar] to demand, to require;
    el negocio reclama toda mi atención the business requires o demands all my attention;
    este conflicto reclama una solución inmediata this conflict calls for an immediate solution
    3. [llamar] to ask for;
    te reclaman en la oficina they're asking for you at the office
    4. Der
    reclamar a alguien to summon sb to appear before the court
    ♦ vi
    [quejarse] to make a complaint;
    reclamaron por los malos tratos recibidos they made a complaint about the ill-treatment they had received;
    reclamó contra la sanción he made a formal protest against the suspension
    * * *
    I v/t claim, demand
    II v/i complain
    * * *
    1) exigir: to demand, to require
    2) : to claim
    : to complain
    * * *
    1. (protestar) to complain
    2. (exigir) to demand / to claim

    Spanish-English dictionary > reclamar

  • 10 decisión

    f.
    decision, determination, decisiveness, firmness.
    * * *
    1 (resolución) decision
    2 (determinación) determination, resolution
    * * *
    noun f.
    decision, choice
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=determinación) decision; (Jur) judgment

    tomar una decisión — to make o take a decision

    2) (=firmeza) decisiveness
    3) (=voluntad) determination
    * * *
    a) ( acción) decision

    llegar a una decisión — to decide, to reach a decision

    decisión de + inf: su decisión de marcharse — her decision to leave

    b) ( cualidad) decisiveness, decision

    una mujer con decisión — a decisive woman, a woman of decision

    c) (AmL) ( en boxeo)
    * * *
    = choice, decision, determination, resolution.
    Ex. To rectify failures, the librarian has two choices.
    Ex. However, once a decision has been made to group similar types of entries other difficulties emerge in defining the categories.
    Ex. Instead of fighting words with a dogged determination, he got to like them.
    Ex. The Economic and Social Committee and the European Parliament will use it to broadcast their opinions and resolutions.
    ----
    * aceptar una decisión = accept + decision.
    * adoptar una decisión = adopt + decision.
    * a favor de la decisión personal sobre el aborto = pro-choice.
    * afectar a una decisión = colour + decision, affect + decision.
    * alcanzar una decisión = arrive at + decision.
    * apoyo a la toma de decisiones = decision support.
    * árbol para la toma de decisiones = decision tree.
    * buena decisión = good judgement.
    * con decisión = decisively.
    * decisión arbitraria = arbitrary decision.
    * decisión con conocimiento de causa = informed decision.
    * decisión de adoptar = decision to adopt.
    * decisión de última hora = last-minute decision.
    * decisión fundada = informed decision.
    * decisión irrevocable = irrevocable decision.
    * decisión no unánime = split decision.
    * decisión permanente = permanent arrangement.
    * decisión precipitada ante un problema = crisis decision.
    * decisión sobre qué política de actuación seguir = policy decision.
    * delegar una decisión = delegate + decision.
    * imposibilidad de toma de decisiones = undecidability.
    * llegar a una decisión = arrive at + decision.
    * llevar a la práctica una decisión = implement + decision.
    * llevar a tomar una decisión = lead (up) to + decision.
    * mala decisión = bad judgement.
    * necesitar tomar cierto tipo de decisiones = require + judgement, require + an exercise of + judgement.
    * persona que toma la última decisión = decider.
    * por decisión propia = by choice.
    * posibilidad de toma de decisiones = decidability.
    * reclamar una decisión = appeal + decision.
    * regir una decisión = govern + decision.
    * responsable de tomar decisiones = decision maker [decision-maker].
    * ser decisión de + Nombre = be down to + Nombre.
    * sistema de apoyo a la toma de decisiones = decision support system, decision making system.
    * toma de decisiones = decision making [decision-making], decision taking.
    * toma de decisiones con conocimiento de causa = informed decision making.
    * toma de decisiones fundadas = informed decision making.
    * tomar decisión = make + choices.
    * tomar decisiones = exercise + judgement.
    * tomar decisiones con conocimiento de causa = make + informed decisions.
    * tomar decisiones fundadas = make + informed decisions.
    * tomar decisiones por alguien = take + decisions in + Posesivo + name.
    * tomar la decisión más acertada dadas las circunstancias = do + the best thing in the circumstances.
    * tomar las decisiones = call + the shots, be the boss, call + the tune, rule + the roost, set + the agenda.
    * tomar otra decisión = decision to the contrary.
    * tomar una decisión = make + decision, make + judgement, take + decision, reach + decision, make up + Posesivo + (own) mind, adopt + decision.
    * tomar una decisión sin conocer todos los datos = make + uninformed decision.
    * tomar una decisión sin consultar con nadie = take it upon + Reflexivo + to.
    * * *
    a) ( acción) decision

    llegar a una decisión — to decide, to reach a decision

    decisión de + inf: su decisión de marcharse — her decision to leave

    b) ( cualidad) decisiveness, decision

    una mujer con decisión — a decisive woman, a woman of decision

    c) (AmL) ( en boxeo)
    * * *
    = choice, decision, determination, resolution.

    Ex: To rectify failures, the librarian has two choices.

    Ex: However, once a decision has been made to group similar types of entries other difficulties emerge in defining the categories.
    Ex: Instead of fighting words with a dogged determination, he got to like them.
    Ex: The Economic and Social Committee and the European Parliament will use it to broadcast their opinions and resolutions.
    * aceptar una decisión = accept + decision.
    * adoptar una decisión = adopt + decision.
    * a favor de la decisión personal sobre el aborto = pro-choice.
    * afectar a una decisión = colour + decision, affect + decision.
    * alcanzar una decisión = arrive at + decision.
    * apoyo a la toma de decisiones = decision support.
    * árbol para la toma de decisiones = decision tree.
    * buena decisión = good judgement.
    * con decisión = decisively.
    * decisión arbitraria = arbitrary decision.
    * decisión con conocimiento de causa = informed decision.
    * decisión de adoptar = decision to adopt.
    * decisión de última hora = last-minute decision.
    * decisión fundada = informed decision.
    * decisión irrevocable = irrevocable decision.
    * decisión no unánime = split decision.
    * decisión permanente = permanent arrangement.
    * decisión precipitada ante un problema = crisis decision.
    * decisión sobre qué política de actuación seguir = policy decision.
    * delegar una decisión = delegate + decision.
    * imposibilidad de toma de decisiones = undecidability.
    * llegar a una decisión = arrive at + decision.
    * llevar a la práctica una decisión = implement + decision.
    * llevar a tomar una decisión = lead (up) to + decision.
    * mala decisión = bad judgement.
    * necesitar tomar cierto tipo de decisiones = require + judgement, require + an exercise of + judgement.
    * persona que toma la última decisión = decider.
    * por decisión propia = by choice.
    * posibilidad de toma de decisiones = decidability.
    * reclamar una decisión = appeal + decision.
    * regir una decisión = govern + decision.
    * responsable de tomar decisiones = decision maker [decision-maker].
    * ser decisión de + Nombre = be down to + Nombre.
    * sistema de apoyo a la toma de decisiones = decision support system, decision making system.
    * toma de decisiones = decision making [decision-making], decision taking.
    * toma de decisiones con conocimiento de causa = informed decision making.
    * toma de decisiones fundadas = informed decision making.
    * tomar decisión = make + choices.
    * tomar decisiones = exercise + judgement.
    * tomar decisiones con conocimiento de causa = make + informed decisions.
    * tomar decisiones fundadas = make + informed decisions.
    * tomar decisiones por alguien = take + decisions in + Posesivo + name.
    * tomar la decisión más acertada dadas las circunstancias = do + the best thing in the circumstances.
    * tomar las decisiones = call + the shots, be the boss, call + the tune, rule + the roost, set + the agenda.
    * tomar otra decisión = decision to the contrary.
    * tomar una decisión = make + decision, make + judgement, take + decision, reach + decision, make up + Posesivo + (own) mind, adopt + decision.
    * tomar una decisión sin conocer todos los datos = make + uninformed decision.
    * tomar una decisión sin consultar con nadie = take it upon + Reflexivo + to.

    * * *
    1 (acción) decision
    la decisión está en tus manos the decision is in your hands
    tienes que tomar una decisión you must make o take a decision, you must make your mind up
    no han podido llegar a una decisión they haven't been able to decide o reach a decision
    decisión DE + INF:
    su decisión de marcharse her decision to leave
    2 (cualidad) decisiveness, decision
    una mujer de decisión a decisive woman, a woman of decision
    3
    ( AmL) (en boxeo): ganó por decisión he won on points o by a decision
    * * *

     

    decisión sustantivo femenino


    su decisión de marcharse her decision to leave


    c) (AmL) ( en boxeo):

    ◊ ganó por decisión he won on points o by a decision

    decisión sustantivo femenino
    1 decision: es hora de tomar una decisión, it's time to make a decision
    2 (firmeza) decisiveness: entró en el despacho con decisión, he marched into the office
    ' decisión' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    acertada
    - acertado
    - cacicada
    - competer
    - comunicar
    - concernir
    - condicionante
    - contravenir
    - debilitar
    - decididamente
    - declararse
    - determinar
    - determinación
    - detrimento
    - ecuánime
    - enérgica
    - enérgico
    - final
    - impugnar
    - juicio
    - madurar
    - mando
    - pensar
    - posponer
    - precedente
    - prórroga
    - prorrogar
    - providencia
    - provocar
    - ratificar
    - resolución
    - sabia
    - sabio
    - salomónica
    - salomónico
    - terminante
    - última
    - último
    - unánime
    - unitaria
    - unitario
    - ventolera
    - acierto
    - adoptar
    - anunciar
    - apresurado
    - arbitraje
    - atinado
    - caliente
    - demorar
    English:
    accord
    - agonizing
    - ambit
    - appeal
    - arguable
    - astute
    - breathing space
    - clash
    - clean-cut
    - clear
    - contest
    - decide
    - decision
    - decision making
    - early
    - entail
    - far-reaching
    - fight
    - final
    - go against
    - govern
    - hasty
    - hinge on
    - ill-advised
    - make
    - override
    - overrule
    - pending
    - question
    - rash
    - rationale
    - resolve
    - reverse
    - ruling
    - second thought
    - sensible
    - shrewd
    - smart
    - snap
    - spur
    - stand by
    - take
    - unanimous
    - vital
    - wise
    - withhold
    - adamant
    - agonize
    - altogether
    - approve
    * * *
    1. [dictamen, resolución] decision;
    la decisión está en nuestras manos the decision is in our hands;
    la decisión de expulsarlo no depende de mí whether he should be expelled or not is not my decision;
    llegar a o [m5] alcanzar una decisión to arrive at o reach a decision;
    tomar una decisión to make o take a decision;
    tomó la decisión de no ir she decided not to go
    decisión judicial court ruling
    2. [firmeza de carácter] determination, resolve;
    [seguridad, resolución] decisiveness;
    actuar con decisión to act decisively;
    es una persona con muy poca decisión he's a very indecisive person
    * * *
    f
    1 decision;
    tomar una decisión make o take a decision
    2 fig
    decisiveness
    * * *
    decisión nf, pl - siones : decision, choice
    * * *
    1. (en general) decision
    2. (determinación) determination

    Spanish-English dictionary > decisión

  • 11 sustento

    m.
    1 sustenance, bread and butter, livelihood, living.
    2 support.
    pres.indicat.
    1st person singular (yo) present indicative of spanish verb: sustentar.
    * * *
    1 (alimento) sustenance, food
    2 (apoyo) support
    \
    ganarse el sustento to earn one's living
    * * *
    noun m.
    * * *
    SM
    1) (=apoyo) support
    2) [para vivir] (=alimento) sustenance; (=manutención) maintenance

    ganarse el sustento — to earn one's living, earn a livelihood

    * * *
    a) ( apoyo) means of support

    ganarse el sustento — (liter) to earn one's living, to support oneself

    b) ( alimento) sustenance
    * * *
    = lifeline, livelihood, nourishment, sustenance, subsistence, backup [back-up].
    Ex. The challenge to the information professional is to integrate the use of information into the fabric of society, in step with the realization that information flow is the lifeline of modern democracies.
    Ex. Reference librarianship is 'as much a passion as a livelihood, less a profession than a privilege'.
    Ex. He was swept across the intersection by a miscellaneous crowd of anxious, energetic persons in search of business or raiment or nourishment or whatever.
    Ex. The adoption of a marketing approach will help libraries not only in their own self sustenance, but also in the sustenance and self sufficiency of their information products and services.
    Ex. OCLC is self-supporting and does not require subsistence from outside funding.
    Ex. The aggressiveness of a number of publications on this subject, replete with their accusations without any backup, can be interpreted as settling of scores.
    * * *
    a) ( apoyo) means of support

    ganarse el sustento — (liter) to earn one's living, to support oneself

    b) ( alimento) sustenance
    * * *
    = lifeline, livelihood, nourishment, sustenance, subsistence, backup [back-up].

    Ex: The challenge to the information professional is to integrate the use of information into the fabric of society, in step with the realization that information flow is the lifeline of modern democracies.

    Ex: Reference librarianship is 'as much a passion as a livelihood, less a profession than a privilege'.
    Ex: He was swept across the intersection by a miscellaneous crowd of anxious, energetic persons in search of business or raiment or nourishment or whatever.
    Ex: The adoption of a marketing approach will help libraries not only in their own self sustenance, but also in the sustenance and self sufficiency of their information products and services.
    Ex: OCLC is self-supporting and does not require subsistence from outside funding.
    Ex: The aggressiveness of a number of publications on this subject, replete with their accusations without any backup, can be interpreted as settling of scores.

    * * *
    1 (apoyo) means of support
    esa pequeña pensión es su único sustento that small pension is her only means of support
    ganarse el sustento ( liter); to earn one's living, to support oneself
    2 (alimento) sustenance
    las bayas fueron su único sustento berries were his only (form of) sustenance
    * * *

    Del verbo sustentar: ( conjugate sustentar)

    sustento es:

    1ª persona singular (yo) presente indicativo

    sustentó es:

    3ª persona singular (él/ella/usted) pretérito indicativo

    Multiple Entries:
    sustentar    
    sustento
    sustentar ( conjugate sustentar) verbo transitivo
    a) ‹ peso› to support

    b) ‹persona/familia› to support, maintain

    sustento sustantivo masculino


    sustentar verbo transitivo
    1 (mantener) to support, maintain: gana lo suficiente para sustentar a la familia, she earns enough to support her family
    2 (una opinión, una teoría) to uphold, maintain
    3 (sujetar, soportar un peso) to support, hold up
    sustento m (alimento) sustenance
    ganarse el sustento, to earn one's living
    ' sustento' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    ganarse
    - mantenimiento
    - pan
    English:
    bread
    - keep
    - livelihood
    - supportiveness
    - sustenance
    * * *
    1. [alimento] sustenance;
    [mantenimiento] livelihood;
    ganarse el sustento to earn one's living
    2. [apoyo] support;
    su teoría carece de sustento her theory has no foundation
    * * *
    m means of support
    * * *
    1) : means of support, livelihood
    2) : sustenance, food

    Spanish-English dictionary > sustento

  • 12 atención

    intj.
    attention, pay attention.
    f.
    1 attention, care, concentration, dedication.
    2 fine gesture, attention, courtesy, polite act.
    * * *
    1 (gen) attention
    2 (detalle) nice thought
    ■ fue una atención por su parte it was a nice thought, it was very kind of him
    ► interjección ¡atención!
    1 (gen) your attention please!; (cuidado) watch out!, look out!
    ■ ¡atención a los dedos! mind your fingers!
    \
    a la atención de alguien (en cartas) for the attention of somebody
    colmar muchas atenciones con alguien to smother somebody with attentions, make a fuss of somebody
    en atención a bearing in mind, taking into account
    en atención a que... in view of the fact that..., given that...
    llamar la atención to attract attention
    llamar la atención a alguien to take somebody to task
    prestar atención to pay attention (a, to)
    tener una atención con alguien to think of somebody
    * * *
    noun f.
    - prestar atención
    * * *
    SF
    1) (=interés) attention

    ¡atención, por favor! — attention, please!

    garantizarán los derechos de todos, con especial atención a las minorías — they will guarantee everybody's rights, particularly those of minorities

    • en atención a algo — frm in view of sth

    • llamar la atención a algn — (=atraer) to attract sb's attention; (=reprender) to tell sb off

    • prestar atención — to pay attention (a to)

    léelo detenidamente, prestando especial atención a la letra pequeña — read it carefully, paying particular attention to the small print

    2) (=precaución) care

    cuando vayas de vacaciones, atención a los precios — when you go on holiday, watch out for the prices

    ¡atención! frenos potentes — beware! powerful brakes

    ¡atención! — look out!, careful!; (Mil) attention!

    toque
    3) (=cortesía)
    4) (=asistencia)

    horario de atención al público — [en oficina] hours of business; [en tienda] opening hours

    5) pl atenciones (=obligaciones) duties, responsibilities
    6) [en correspondencia]

    • a la atención de — for the attention of; [en sobre] attention

    * * *
    I
    1)
    a) ( concentración) attention

    pon atención en lo que haces — concentrate on o pay attention to what you're doing

    presta atención a esto — pay attention o listen carefully to this

    atraer la atención del camarero — to attract o get the waiter's attention

    b)

    llamar la atención: se viste así para llamar la atención he dresses like that to attract attention (to himself); una chica que llama la atención a very striking girl; lo dulce no me llama la atención I'm not very fond of sweet things; me llamó la atención que estuviera sola I was surprised she was alone; llamarle la atención a alguien ( reprenderlo) to reprimand somebody (frml), to give somebody a talking to; ( hacerle notar algo): les llamé la atención sobre... — I drew their attention to...

    a la atención de — (Corresp) for the attention of

    en atención a algo — (frml) in view of something

    2)
    a) ( servicio)

    la atención que recibimos en el consulado — the way we were treated o the treatment we received in the consulate

    horario de atención al público — ( en banco) hours of business; ( en oficina pública) opening hours

    departamento de atención al cliente — customer service department (AmE), customer services department (BrE)

    b) ( cortesía)
    II
    a) (Mil) attention!

    atención, por favor! — (your) attention, please!

    c) ( para avisar de peligro) look out!, watch out!

    atención! — danger!, warning!

    * * *
    = attention, care, courtesy, focus, diligence, vigilance.
    Ex. It's that access dimension of descriptive cataloging that I suggest should get priority attention from all of us.
    Ex. Thus care in indexing is essential, and systems should be designed in such a way as to minimise the possibility of error.
    Ex. Why dont't they give these people some lessons in common courtesy?.
    Ex. Our focus in this text is on the first stage in the following diagram.
    Ex. If these guidelines are not adhered to with due care and diligence, financial damage to the library can result = Si no se siguen estas directrices con el debido cuidado y atención, el resultado puede ser que la biblioteca sufra daños económicos.
    Ex. Factors that might adversely impact the ethical behaviour of the publishing, vending and librarianship community are examined, and the need for professionalism and vigilance of the community is emphasised.
    ----
    * abrumar con atenciones = kill + Nombre + with kindness, smother + Nombre + with kindness.
    * acaparar la atención de Alguien = monopolise + attention.
    * acaparar toda la atención = steal + the limelight, steal + the show.
    * atención a la infancia = child care [childcare].
    * atención al cliente = customer care, customer support.
    * atención al estudiante = student services.
    * atención al paciente = patient care.
    * atención + disminuir = attention + wane.
    * atención médica = medical attention.
    * atención personal = personal attention.
    * atención personal al cliente = personal selling.
    * atención prenatal = prenatal care.
    * atención primaria = primary care.
    * atención primaria de salud = primary health care.
    * atención sanitaria = health care [healthcare].
    * atención secundaria = secondary care.
    * atraer la atención = attract + the eye, catch + Posesivo + attention, grab + Posesivo + attention, catch + Posesivo + eye, capture + the attention, rivet + the attention, draw + attention, catch + Posesivo + fancy, peak + Posesivo + interest, make + a splash.
    * atraer la atención de = hold + attention.
    * atraer la atención de Alguien = appeal to + Posesivo + imagination, engage + Posesivo + attention.
    * a la atención de = c/o (care of).
    * capacidad de mantener la atención = attention span.
    * captar la atención = hold + attention, catch + Posesivo + eye, rivet + the attention, catch + Posesivo + attention.
    * centrar la atención = fix + Posesivo + attention.
    * centrar la atención en = train + spotlight on, put + spotlight on, spotlight + fall on, spotlight + focus on.
    * centro de atención = centre of attention, limelight, centrepiece [centerpiece, -USA], centre stage, focus of concern, focus of interest, focus of attention, focus.
    * centro de atención al ciudadano = advice centre.
    * colmar de atenciones = kill + Nombre + with kindness, smother + Nombre + with kindness.
    * competir por acaparar la atención de Alguien = compete for + attention.
    * con atención = attentively.
    * concentrar la atención sobre = keep in + focus.
    * conseguir ser el centro de atención = capture + spotlight, grab + the spotlight, grab + the limelight.
    * dar una llamada de atención = sound + a wake-up call.
    * de atención básica = preattentive.
    * de atención primaria = preattentive.
    * deber prestar atención = warrant + consideration.
    * dedicar atención = devote + attention.
    * dedicar atención a = turn + Posesivo + mind to.
    * dedicar + Posesivo + atención = turn + Posesivo + attention, turn + Posesivo + thoughts.
    * dedicar + Posesivo + atención a un problema = turn + Posesivo + attention to problem.
    * departamento de atención al cliente = customer service department.
    * despertar la atención = arouse + attention, give + wake-up call.
    * desviar + Posesivo + atención = divert + Posesivo + attention.
    * dirigir la atención = put + focus.
    * dirigir la atención a = turn to, direct + Posesivo + attention to(ward).
    * dirigir + Posesivo + atención = turn + Posesivo + attention, turn + Posesivo + thoughts.
    * dirigir + Posesivo + atención a un problema = turn + Posesivo + attention to problem.
    * disputarse la atención = vie for + attention.
    * distraer la atención = distract + attention.
    * distraer + Posesivo + atención = divert + Posesivo + attention.
    * el centro de atención + ser = all eyes + be + on.
    * en el foco de atención = in the spotlight.
    * fijar la atención = fix + Posesivo + attention.
    * hacer que no se le preste atención a = deflect + attention from.
    * horario de atención al público = opening hours, hours of operation, banking hours.
    * interrumpir la atención = interrupt + attention.
    * lamar la atención = eye + catch.
    * leer con atención = peruse.
    * llamada de atención = heads up, wake-up call, slap on the wrist.
    * llamar la atención = call + attention to, attract + attention, excite + attention, grab + Posesivo + attention, catch + Posesivo + eye, admonish, strike + Posesivo + fancy, capture + the attention, stand out, make + Reflexivo + conspicuous, cut + a dash, seek + attention, make + heads turn, catch + Posesivo + fancy, catch + Posesivo + attention, peak + Posesivo + interest, make + a splash, make + a big noise, hit + home.
    * llamar la atención a Alguien = rap + Nombre + knuckles, censure.
    * llamar la atención de = draw + the attention of.
    * llamar la atención de Alguien = hold + Posesivo + attention.
    * llamar la atención sobre = draw + attention to, pull + Nombre + to, bring + Nombre + into the public eye, raise + awareness, enhance + awareness.
    * llamarle la atención a Alguien = reprimand, slap + Nombre + down, slap + Nombre + on the wrist.
    * mantener la atención de Alguien = hold + Posesivo + attention.
    * merecer atención = merit + attention, be worthy of + attention, deserve + attention.
    * mostrador de atención al público = service desk, public service desk, service counter.
    * mostrador de atención al usuario = service area.
    * necesitar atención = beg + attention, warrant + attention.
    * nivel de atención = attention span.
    * no prestar atención = disregard, overlook, close + the door on, go + unheeded, fly in + the face of.
    * no prestar atención al hecho de que = overlook + the fact that.
    * no prestar la suficiente atención = give + short shrift.
    * para llamar la atención = for effect.
    * pasar a ser el centro de atención = take + centre stage.
    * pasar a ser el centro de atención = come into + focus.
    * poner atención = lend + an ear, listen (to).
    * poner el centro de atención = put + focus.
    * prestándole especial atención a = with specific reference to.
    * prestar atención = follow up, heed, receive + attention, mind, devote + attention, pay + heed, take + notice, give + (some) thought to, follow through, look out for, lend + an ear, prick (up) + Posesivo + ears, Posesivo + antennas + go up.
    * prestar atención a = attend to, give + attention to, give + consideration (to), pay + attention to, turn + Posesivo + mind to, train + spotlight on, give + an ear to, listen (to), keep + an eye on, direct + Posesivo + attention to(ward).
    * prestar especial atención = pay + particular attention, focus.
    * prestarle atención = focus + attention.
    * prestar poca atención a = give + little thought to.
    * prestar + Posesivo + atención = turn + Posesivo + attention, turn + Posesivo + thoughts.
    * prestar + Posesivo + atención a un problema = turn + Posesivo + attention to problem.
    * que distrae la atención = distracting.
    * que no llama la atención = inconspicuous.
    * recibir atención = enjoy + attention, receive + attention, receive + note, command + attention, gain + attention.
    * requerir atención = require + consideration, require + attention.
    * retener la atención de Alguien = retain + attention.
    * ser el centro de atención = steal + the limelight, steal + the show, cut + a dash.
    * servicio de atención = advisory service.
    * servicio de atención al cliente = customer service, service department.
    * servicio de atención al cliente en su propio automóvil = drive-through (drive-thru).
    * servicio de atención al cliente por teléfono = call centre.
    * servicio de atención de día = day care.
    * servicios de atención al estudiante = student services.
    * síndrome de déficit de atención = attention deficit.
    * síndrome de déficit de atención con hiperactividad = attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
    * sin llamar la atención = inconspicuously.
    * sin prestar atención = mindlessly.
    * total atención = undivided attention.
    * trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad = attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
    * tratar de no llamar la atención = keep + a low profile, lie + low.
    * volver a prestar atención = refocus + attention.
    * * *
    I
    1)
    a) ( concentración) attention

    pon atención en lo que haces — concentrate on o pay attention to what you're doing

    presta atención a esto — pay attention o listen carefully to this

    atraer la atención del camarero — to attract o get the waiter's attention

    b)

    llamar la atención: se viste así para llamar la atención he dresses like that to attract attention (to himself); una chica que llama la atención a very striking girl; lo dulce no me llama la atención I'm not very fond of sweet things; me llamó la atención que estuviera sola I was surprised she was alone; llamarle la atención a alguien ( reprenderlo) to reprimand somebody (frml), to give somebody a talking to; ( hacerle notar algo): les llamé la atención sobre... — I drew their attention to...

    a la atención de — (Corresp) for the attention of

    en atención a algo — (frml) in view of something

    2)
    a) ( servicio)

    la atención que recibimos en el consulado — the way we were treated o the treatment we received in the consulate

    horario de atención al público — ( en banco) hours of business; ( en oficina pública) opening hours

    departamento de atención al cliente — customer service department (AmE), customer services department (BrE)

    b) ( cortesía)
    II
    a) (Mil) attention!

    atención, por favor! — (your) attention, please!

    c) ( para avisar de peligro) look out!, watch out!

    atención! — danger!, warning!

    * * *
    = attention, care, courtesy, focus, diligence, vigilance.

    Ex: It's that access dimension of descriptive cataloging that I suggest should get priority attention from all of us.

    Ex: Thus care in indexing is essential, and systems should be designed in such a way as to minimise the possibility of error.
    Ex: Why dont't they give these people some lessons in common courtesy?.
    Ex: Our focus in this text is on the first stage in the following diagram.
    Ex: If these guidelines are not adhered to with due care and diligence, financial damage to the library can result = Si no se siguen estas directrices con el debido cuidado y atención, el resultado puede ser que la biblioteca sufra daños económicos.
    Ex: Factors that might adversely impact the ethical behaviour of the publishing, vending and librarianship community are examined, and the need for professionalism and vigilance of the community is emphasised.
    * abrumar con atenciones = kill + Nombre + with kindness, smother + Nombre + with kindness.
    * acaparar la atención de Alguien = monopolise + attention.
    * acaparar toda la atención = steal + the limelight, steal + the show.
    * atención a la infancia = child care [childcare].
    * atención al cliente = customer care, customer support.
    * atención al estudiante = student services.
    * atención al paciente = patient care.
    * atención + disminuir = attention + wane.
    * atención médica = medical attention.
    * atención personal = personal attention.
    * atención personal al cliente = personal selling.
    * atención prenatal = prenatal care.
    * atención primaria = primary care.
    * atención primaria de salud = primary health care.
    * atención sanitaria = health care [healthcare].
    * atención secundaria = secondary care.
    * atraer la atención = attract + the eye, catch + Posesivo + attention, grab + Posesivo + attention, catch + Posesivo + eye, capture + the attention, rivet + the attention, draw + attention, catch + Posesivo + fancy, peak + Posesivo + interest, make + a splash.
    * atraer la atención de = hold + attention.
    * atraer la atención de Alguien = appeal to + Posesivo + imagination, engage + Posesivo + attention.
    * a la atención de = c/o (care of).
    * capacidad de mantener la atención = attention span.
    * captar la atención = hold + attention, catch + Posesivo + eye, rivet + the attention, catch + Posesivo + attention.
    * centrar la atención = fix + Posesivo + attention.
    * centrar la atención en = train + spotlight on, put + spotlight on, spotlight + fall on, spotlight + focus on.
    * centro de atención = centre of attention, limelight, centrepiece [centerpiece, -USA], centre stage, focus of concern, focus of interest, focus of attention, focus.
    * centro de atención al ciudadano = advice centre.
    * colmar de atenciones = kill + Nombre + with kindness, smother + Nombre + with kindness.
    * competir por acaparar la atención de Alguien = compete for + attention.
    * con atención = attentively.
    * concentrar la atención sobre = keep in + focus.
    * conseguir ser el centro de atención = capture + spotlight, grab + the spotlight, grab + the limelight.
    * dar una llamada de atención = sound + a wake-up call.
    * de atención básica = preattentive.
    * de atención primaria = preattentive.
    * deber prestar atención = warrant + consideration.
    * dedicar atención = devote + attention.
    * dedicar atención a = turn + Posesivo + mind to.
    * dedicar + Posesivo + atención = turn + Posesivo + attention, turn + Posesivo + thoughts.
    * dedicar + Posesivo + atención a un problema = turn + Posesivo + attention to problem.
    * departamento de atención al cliente = customer service department.
    * despertar la atención = arouse + attention, give + wake-up call.
    * desviar + Posesivo + atención = divert + Posesivo + attention.
    * dirigir la atención = put + focus.
    * dirigir la atención a = turn to, direct + Posesivo + attention to(ward).
    * dirigir + Posesivo + atención = turn + Posesivo + attention, turn + Posesivo + thoughts.
    * dirigir + Posesivo + atención a un problema = turn + Posesivo + attention to problem.
    * disputarse la atención = vie for + attention.
    * distraer la atención = distract + attention.
    * distraer + Posesivo + atención = divert + Posesivo + attention.
    * el centro de atención + ser = all eyes + be + on.
    * en el foco de atención = in the spotlight.
    * fijar la atención = fix + Posesivo + attention.
    * hacer que no se le preste atención a = deflect + attention from.
    * horario de atención al público = opening hours, hours of operation, banking hours.
    * interrumpir la atención = interrupt + attention.
    * lamar la atención = eye + catch.
    * leer con atención = peruse.
    * llamada de atención = heads up, wake-up call, slap on the wrist.
    * llamar la atención = call + attention to, attract + attention, excite + attention, grab + Posesivo + attention, catch + Posesivo + eye, admonish, strike + Posesivo + fancy, capture + the attention, stand out, make + Reflexivo + conspicuous, cut + a dash, seek + attention, make + heads turn, catch + Posesivo + fancy, catch + Posesivo + attention, peak + Posesivo + interest, make + a splash, make + a big noise, hit + home.
    * llamar la atención a Alguien = rap + Nombre + knuckles, censure.
    * llamar la atención de = draw + the attention of.
    * llamar la atención de Alguien = hold + Posesivo + attention.
    * llamar la atención sobre = draw + attention to, pull + Nombre + to, bring + Nombre + into the public eye, raise + awareness, enhance + awareness.
    * llamarle la atención a Alguien = reprimand, slap + Nombre + down, slap + Nombre + on the wrist.
    * mantener la atención de Alguien = hold + Posesivo + attention.
    * merecer atención = merit + attention, be worthy of + attention, deserve + attention.
    * mostrador de atención al público = service desk, public service desk, service counter.
    * mostrador de atención al usuario = service area.
    * necesitar atención = beg + attention, warrant + attention.
    * nivel de atención = attention span.
    * no prestar atención = disregard, overlook, close + the door on, go + unheeded, fly in + the face of.
    * no prestar atención al hecho de que = overlook + the fact that.
    * no prestar la suficiente atención = give + short shrift.
    * para llamar la atención = for effect.
    * pasar a ser el centro de atención = take + centre stage.
    * pasar a ser el centro de atención = come into + focus.
    * poner atención = lend + an ear, listen (to).
    * poner el centro de atención = put + focus.
    * prestándole especial atención a = with specific reference to.
    * prestar atención = follow up, heed, receive + attention, mind, devote + attention, pay + heed, take + notice, give + (some) thought to, follow through, look out for, lend + an ear, prick (up) + Posesivo + ears, Posesivo + antennas + go up.
    * prestar atención a = attend to, give + attention to, give + consideration (to), pay + attention to, turn + Posesivo + mind to, train + spotlight on, give + an ear to, listen (to), keep + an eye on, direct + Posesivo + attention to(ward).
    * prestar especial atención = pay + particular attention, focus.
    * prestarle atención = focus + attention.
    * prestar poca atención a = give + little thought to.
    * prestar + Posesivo + atención = turn + Posesivo + attention, turn + Posesivo + thoughts.
    * prestar + Posesivo + atención a un problema = turn + Posesivo + attention to problem.
    * que distrae la atención = distracting.
    * que no llama la atención = inconspicuous.
    * recibir atención = enjoy + attention, receive + attention, receive + note, command + attention, gain + attention.
    * requerir atención = require + consideration, require + attention.
    * retener la atención de Alguien = retain + attention.
    * ser el centro de atención = steal + the limelight, steal + the show, cut + a dash.
    * servicio de atención = advisory service.
    * servicio de atención al cliente = customer service, service department.
    * servicio de atención al cliente en su propio automóvil = drive-through (drive-thru).
    * servicio de atención al cliente por teléfono = call centre.
    * servicio de atención de día = day care.
    * servicios de atención al estudiante = student services.
    * síndrome de déficit de atención = attention deficit.
    * síndrome de déficit de atención con hiperactividad = attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
    * sin llamar la atención = inconspicuously.
    * sin prestar atención = mindlessly.
    * total atención = undivided attention.
    * trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad = attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.
    * tratar de no llamar la atención = keep + a low profile, lie + low.
    * volver a prestar atención = refocus + attention.

    * * *
    A
    1 (cuidado, concentración) attention
    me gustaría poder dedicarle más atención a esto I'd like to be able to give this more attention, I'd like to be able to devote more attention to this
    me escuchó con atención she listened to me attentively o carefully
    pon atención en lo que haces concentrate on o pay attention to what you're doing
    presta atención a lo que voy a decir pay attention o listen carefully to what I'm going to say
    trata de atraer la atención del camarero try and attract o get the waiter's attention
    le gusta ser el centro de (la) atención she likes to be the center of attention
    esto ha sido todo por hoy, gracias por su atención that's all for today, thank you for watching/listening
    2
    llamar la atención: se viste así para llamar la atención he dresses like that to attract attention (to himself)
    ¿no ves que estás llamando la atención con esos gritos? can't you see that you're attracting attention (to yourself) with your shouting?
    llama la atención por su original diseño the originality of its design is striking
    es una chica que llama la atención she's a very striking girl
    lo dulce no me llama la atención I'm not very fond of o ( BrE) keen on sweet things
    nada le llama la atención nothing seems to interest him
    me llamó la atención que estuviera sola/no verlo allí I was surprised she was alone/not to see him there
    llamarle la atención a algn (reprenderlo) to reprimand sb ( frml), to give sb a talking to
    (hacerle notar algo): les llamé la atención sobre el precio I drew their attention to the price
    3 ( en locs):
    a la atención de ( Corresp) for the attention of
    en atención a algo ( frml); in view of sth
    en atención a sus circunstancias familiares in view of o bearing in mind her family circumstances
    B
    1
    (servicio): no nos podemos quejar de la atención que recibimos en el consulado we can't complain about the way we were treated o the treatment we received in the consulate
    [ S ] horario de atención al público (en un banco) hours of business; (en una oficina pública) opening hours
    [ S ] departamento de atención al cliente customer service department ( AmE), customer services department ( BrE)
    2
    (cortesía): nos colmaron de atenciones durante nuestra visita we were showered with attention o ( BrE) attentions during our visit, they made a real fuss of us during our visit
    no es necesario gastar mucho, lo importante es tener una atención con él we don't have to spend much money, the important thing is that he knows we thought of him
    no tuvo ninguna atención con nosotros a pesar de nuestra hospitalidad he didn't show the slightest appreciation despite our hospitality
    ¡cuántas atenciones! estoy abrumado how kind! I'm overwhelmed
    1 ( Mil) attention!
    ¡atención! están dando los resultados listen! they're reading out the results
    ¡atención, por favor! (your) attention, please!, may I have your attention, please?
    2 (para avisar de un peligro) look out!, watch out!
    [ S ] ¡atención! danger!, warning!
    * * *

     

    atención 1 sustantivo femenino
    1

    ◊ pon/presta atención a esto pay attention to this;

    con atención attentively
    b)


    una chica que llama la atención a very striking girl;
    me llamó la atención que estuviera sola I was surprised she was alone;
    llamarle la atención a algn ( reprenderlo) to reprimand sb (frml), to give sb a talking to
    2
    a) (en hotel, tienda) service;

    ( on signs) horario de atención al público ( en banco) hours of business;
    ( en oficina pública) opening hours
    b) ( cortesía):

    ◊ nos colmaron de atenciones we were showered with attention o (BrE) attentions;

    no tuvo ninguna atención con ella a pesar de su hospitalidad he didn't show the slightest appreciation despite her hospitality
    atención 2 interjección

    ◊ ¡atención, por favor! (your) attention, please!


    atención
    I sustantivo femenino attention
    II exclamación attention!
    ♦ Locuciones: llamar la atención, to attract attention
    prestar atención, to pay attention [a, to]
    toque de atención, warning
    ' atención' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    acaparar
    - acaparador
    - acaparadora
    - cantar
    - centrar
    - conceder
    - concentrar
    - concentración
    - delicadeza
    - descuidarse
    - despreocuparse
    - detalle
    - dirigirse
    - distracción
    - distraer
    - distraerse
    - eh
    - esmerarse
    - fijar
    - fijarse
    - llamar
    - mirar
    - polarizar
    - prestar
    - show
    - toque
    - asistencia
    - atender
    - atento
    - atraer
    - bien
    - captar
    - caso
    - centro
    - corresponder
    - corte
    - cuidado
    - descuidar
    - dirigir
    - escuchar
    - gentileza
    - ninguno
    - oír
    - ojo
    - palmada
    - perdón
    - poner
    - público
    - reclamo
    - retener
    English:
    accuracy
    - appeal
    - attend
    - attention
    - attention span
    - attract
    - call
    - capture
    - care
    - carelessly
    - catch
    - centre
    - closely
    - deaf
    - draw
    - engage
    - enthral
    - enthrall
    - eye
    - fix
    - fuss
    - give
    - grip
    - hear
    - inconspicuous
    - intently
    - listen
    - lunch
    - note
    - noteworthy
    - notice
    - nursing
    - pay
    - rate
    - round-the-clock
    - service
    - spectacle
    - spotlight
    - switch
    - turn
    - undivided
    - anticipation
    - carelessness
    - conspicuous
    - courtesy
    - disregard
    - effect
    - heed
    - intent
    - lime
    * * *
    ♦ nf
    1. [interés] attention;
    tienes que dedicar más atención a tus estudios you've got to put more effort into your studies, you've got to concentrate harder on your studies;
    miraremos tu expediente con mucha atención we'll look at your file very carefully;
    aguardaban el resultado con atención they were listening attentively for the result;
    escucha con atención listen carefully;
    a la atención de for the attention of;
    llamar la atención [atraer] to attract attention;
    lo que más me llamó la atención fue la belleza del paisaje what struck me most was the beauty of the countryside;
    su belleza llama la atención her beauty is striking;
    al principio no me llamó la atención at first I didn't notice anything unusual;
    llamar la atención a alguien [amonestar] to tell sb off;
    le llamé la atención sobre el coste del proyecto I drew her attention to the cost of the project;
    con sus escándalos, andan llamando la atención todo el tiempo they are always attracting attention to themselves by causing one scandal or another;
    le gusta llamar la atención she likes to be noticed;
    el desastre electoral fue una llamada o [m5] toque de atención al partido gobernante the disastrous election results were a wake-up call to the governing party;
    a los niños pequeños les cuesta mantener la atención small children find it difficult to stop their attention from wandering;
    poner o [m5] prestar atención to pay attention;
    si no pones o [m5]prestas atención, no te enterarás de lo que hay que hacer if you don't pay attention, you won't know what to do
    atención mediática media exposure
    2. [cortesía] attentiveness;
    atenciones attentiveness;
    tenía demasiadas atenciones con el jefe she was overly attentive towards the boss;
    nos colmaron de atenciones they waited on us hand and foot;
    deshacerse en atenciones con to lavish attention on;
    en atención a [teniendo en cuenta] out of consideration for;
    [en honor a] in honour of;
    en atención a sus méritos in honour of her achievements;
    organizaron una cena en atención al nuevo embajador they held a dinner in honour of the new ambassador;
    le cedió el asiento en atención a su avanzada edad he let her have his seat because of her age
    3. [servicio]
    la atención a los ancianos care of the elderly;
    Com atención al cliente customer service o care o support;
    atención domiciliaria [de médico] home visits;
    para la atención domiciliaria, llamar al… if you wish to call a doctor out, ring this number…;
    atención hospitalaria hospital care;
    atención primaria [en ambulatorio] primary health care;
    atención sanitaria health care
    ♦ interj
    [en aeropuerto, conferencia] your attention please!; Mil attention!;
    ¡atención, van a anunciar el ganador! listen, they're about to announce the winner!;
    ¡atención! [en letrero] danger!;
    ¡atención, peligro de incendio! [en letrero] [con materiales inflamables] (warning!) fire hazard;
    [en bosques] danger of forest fires in this area
    * * *
    f
    1 attention;
    ¡atención! your attention, please!;
    falta de atención lack of attention, inattentiveness;
    prestar atención pay attention (a to);
    llamar la atención a alguien reñir tell s.o. off; por ser llamativo attract s.o.’s attention;
    llamar la atención de alguien sobre algo call s.o.’s attention to sth;
    2 ( cortesía) courtesy;
    atenciones pl attentiveness sg ;
    nos han tratato con mil atenciones they were extremely attentive
    3
    :
    a la atención de carta for the attention of;
    en atención a fml with regard to
    * * *
    atención nf, pl - ciones
    1) : attention
    2)
    prestar atención : to pay attention
    3)
    llamar la atención : to attract attention
    4)
    en atención a : in view of
    atención interj
    1) : attention!
    2) : watch out!
    * * *
    atención1 interj your attention, please!
    atención2 n attention
    con atención attentively / carefully
    me llama la atención que... I'm surprised that...

    Spanish-English dictionary > atención

  • 13 benötigen

    benötigen v GEN need, require • wir benötigen dringend Ihre Unterstützung GEN your support is vital to us
    * * *
    v < Geschäft> need, require ■ wir benötigen dringend Ihre Unterstützung < Geschäft> your support is vital to us
    * * *
    benötigen
    to require, to demand, to want;
    • zusätzliche Arbeitskräfte benötigen to require extra help;
    • etw. dringend benötigen to be in dire need of s.th.;
    • als Grundausstattung benötigen to need basically.

    Business german-english dictionary > benötigen

  • 14 demander

    demander [d(ə)mɑ̃de]
    ➭ TABLE 1
    1. transitive verb
       a. ( = solliciter) to ask for ; [+ indemnité] to claim
    • demander un service or une faveur à qn to ask sb a favour
    • demander à voir qn/à parler à qn to ask to see sb/to speak to sb
    • demander à qn de faire or qu'il fasse qch to ask sb to do sth
    • puis-je vous demander (de me passer) du pain ? would you mind passing me some bread?
       b. ( = appeler) [+ médecin, prêtre] to send for
       c. (au téléphone, au bureau) [+ personne, numéro] to ask for
    • qui demandez-vous ? who do you wish to speak to?
       d. ( = désirer) to be asking for
    • ils demandent 80 € de l'heure they are asking for 80 euros an hour
    • je demande à voir ! (inf) I'll believe it when I see it!
    • je ne demande pas mieux ! I'll be only too pleased!
       e. ( = s'enquérir de) [+ nom, chemin] to ask
    • je ne t'ai rien demandé ! I didn't ask you!
    • on ne t'a pas demandé l'heure qu'il est or ton avis (inf: inf) who asked you?
       f. ( = nécessiter) [travail, décision] to require
       g. ( = exiger) demander qch à or de qn to ask sth of sb
    • il ne faut pas trop lui en demander ! you mustn't ask too much of him!
       h. [commerçant] il (en) demande 500 € he's asking 500 euros (for it)
    • « on demande: électricien » "electrician required"
    2. reflexive verb
    ► se demander ( = douter) to wonder
    • je me demandais si... I was wondering whether...
    ━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━━
    * * *
    dəmɑ̃de
    1.
    1) ( solliciter) to ask for [conseil, argent, aide]

    ‘le numéro que vous demandez n'est plus en service’ — ‘the number you have dialled [BrE] is unobtainable’

    je demande à voir — (colloq) that'll be the day (colloq)

    je ne t'ai rien demandé! — (colloq) I wasn't talking to you!

    3) ( faire venir) to send for [médecin, prêtre]

    ‘un vendeur est demandé à l'accueil’ — ‘would a salesman please come to reception’

    le patron vous demande — ( dans son bureau) the boss wants to see you; ( au téléphone) the boss wants to speak to you

    4) ( nécessiter) [travail, tâche] to require [effort, qualification]; [plante, animal] to need [attention]

    demander à être revu — [sujet, texte] to need revision

    5) ( requérir) to call for [peine, réformes]; Droit to sue for [divorce, dommages-intérêts]

    2.
    se demander verbe pronominal

    se demander si/pourquoi — to wonder whether/why

    * * *
    d(ə)mɑ̃de vt
    1) [heure, chemin, prix, dimensions] to ask

    Nous avons demandé notre chemin à un chauffeur de taxi. — We asked a taxi driver the way.

    demander si... — to ask if..., to ask whether...

    Va demander si c'est gratuit. — Go and ask if it's free.

    2) [service, permission, aide] to ask for

    J'ai demandé la permission. — I've asked for permission.

    Je lui ai demandé un renseignement concernant... — I asked him for some information about...

    ne pas demander la lune fig Je ne demande pas la lune. — I'm not asking for the moon.

    demander la main de qn — to ask for sb's hand, to ask for sb's hand in marriage

    demander à faire qch — to ask if one can do sth, to ask to do sth

    Elle a demandé à parler au directeur. — She asked if she could speak to the headteacher., She asked to speak to the headteacher.

    Je lui ai demandé de m'aider. — I asked him to help me.

    demander que; Ils ont demandé qu'on leur rembourse le prix du voyage. — They asked to be reimbursed for the cost of the journey.

    3) [personnel] to be looking for

    Ils demandent 2 secrétaires et un ingénieur. — They're looking for 2 secretaries and an engineer.

    En ce moment on demande beaucoup de linguistes. — Linguists are very much in demand at the moment.

    4) (au téléphone) [interlocuteur] to ask for

    Il vous demande, qu'est-ce que je dis? — He's asking for you, what shall I say?, He wants to speak to you, what shall I say?

    On vous demande au téléphone. — You're wanted on the phone., There's someone on the phone for you.

    Il demande M. Duval, qu'est-ce que je dis? — He wants to see M. Duval, what shall I say?

    6) (= requérir, nécessiter) to require
    * * *
    demander verb table: aimer
    A vtr
    1 ( solliciter) to ask for [conseil, argent, aide, permission]; demander l'addition or la note to ask for the bill GB ou check US; demander la démission de qn to ask for sb's resignation; demander la parole to ask for permission to speak; demander de l'argent à qn to ask sb for money; demander des renforts Mil to ask for reinforcements; fig to ask for support; demander l'autorisation or la permission à qn to ask sb's permission (de faire to do); demander conseil à qn to ask sb's advice; demander le report/l'annulation de la réunion, demander que la réunion soit reportée/annulée to request that the meeting be postponed/cancelledGB; il a demandé que tout le monde assiste à la réunion he asked everybody to attend the meeting; demander que le travail soit terminé to ask for the work to be completed; demander l'asile politique to apply for political asylum; demander la libération/condamnation de qn to call for sb's release/conviction; le policier m'a demandé mes papiers the policeman asked to see my papers; demander la main de qn to ask for sb's hand; demander qn en mariage to propose to sb; ‘le numéro que vous demandez n'est plus en service’ ‘the number you have dialledGB is unobtainable’; on demande un plombier/ingénieur ( dans une offre d'emploi) plumber/engineer required GB ou wanted; elle a demandé à rester/sortir she asked if she could stay/go out; demander à rencontrer qn to ask to meet sb; ⇒ reste;
    2 ( enjoindre) demander à qn de faire to ask sb to do; nous vous demandons de ne pas fumer/prendre de photos may we ask you not to smoke/take photographs; on a demandé aux spectateurs de rester calme the audience was told to stay calm; fais ce qu'on te demande! do as you're told!; tout ce que je te demande c'est de faire un effort all I ask is that you make an effort;
    3 ( souhaiter) il demande beaucoup de son personnel he expects a lot of his staff; il n'en demandait pas tant he didn't expect all that; je/il ne demande pas mieux que de partir there's nothing I/he would like better than to go; aller au théâtre? je ne demande pas mieux! go to the theatreGB? I'd love to!; les aider? mais je ne demande pas mieux help them? but I'd be delighted to; je ne demande que ça! that's exactly what I want!; il ne demande qu'à travailler/te croire he'd really like to work/to believe you; je demande à voir○ that'll be the day○; il ne faut pas trop leur en demander you mustn't expect too much of them;
    4 ( interroger sur) demander qch à qn to ask sb sth; demander son chemin (à qn) to ask (sb) the way; demander l'heure to ask the time; il m'a demandé de tes nouvelles he asked me how you were getting on GB ou along; demande-lui son nom ask him/her his name/her name; demander à qn comment/pourquoi/si to ask sb how/why/whether; j'ai demandé à Paul s'il viendrait I asked Paul if he was coming; demande-lui comment il a fait ask him how he did it; ‘est-il parti?’ demanda-t-il ‘has he left?’ he asked; je ne t'ai rien demandé○! I wasn't talking to you!; de qui se moque-t-on, je vous le demande○! what do they think they're playing at?, I ask you! GB;
    5 ( faire venir) to send for [médecin, prêtre]; ‘un vendeur est demandé à l'accueil’ ‘would a salesman please come to the reception’; le patron vous demande ( dans son bureau) the boss wants to see you ou is asking for you; ( au téléphone) the boss wants to speak to you; on vous demande au parloir/téléphone you're wanted in the visitors' room/on the phone;
    6 ( nécessiter) [travail, tâche] to require [effort, attention, qualification]; [plante, animal] to need [attention]; le tennis demande une grande énergie/concentration tennis requires a lot of energy/concentration; mon travail demande une attention constante/une formation spécifique my work requires total concentration/special training; demander à être revu/discuté/approfondi [sujet, texte] to need revision/discussion/more in-depth treatment;
    7 Jur [tribunal] to call for [peine, expertise]; [personne] to sue ou ask for [divorce]; to sue for [dommages-intérêts]; elle a décidé de demander le divorce/des dommages-intérêts she's decided to sue for divorce/damages.
    1 ( s'interroger) se demander si/pourquoi/comment/où/ce que to wonder whether/why/how/where/what; il se demande quel sera son prochain travail he wonders what his next job will be; je me demande ce qu'elle a bien pu devenir I wonder what on earth○ became of her; ‘tu crois qu'elle l'a fait exprès?’-‘je me demande’ ‘do you think she did it on purpose?’-‘I wonder’; c'est à se demander si le bonheur existe it makes you wonder whether there's such a thing as happiness; tu ne t'es jamais demandé pourquoi? have you ever wondered why ou asked yourself why?;
    2 ( être demandé) ce genre de choses ne se demande pas it's not the kind of thing you ask; cela ne se demande même pas! ( c'est évident) what a stupid question!
    [dəmɑ̃de] verbe transitif
    1. [solliciter - rendez-vous, conseil, addition] to ask for (inseparable), to request ; [ - emploi, visa] to apply for
    demander l'aumône ou la charité to ask for charity, to beg for alms
    demander le divorce to petition ou to file for divorce
    demander grâce to ask ou to beg for mercy
    je vous demande pardon, mais c'est ma place I beg your pardon, but this is my seat
    il suffisait de demander you only had to ou all you had to do was ask
    2. [exiger - indemnité, dommages] to claim, to demand ; [ - rançon] to demand, to ask for
    en demander: il ne faut pas trop m'en demander/lui en demander you mustn't ask too much of me/him, you shouldn't expect too much of me/him
    il en demande 500 euros he wants ou he's asking 500 euros for it
    demander que: tout ce que je demande, c'est qu'on me laisse seul all I want ou ask is to be left alone
    qui ne demande rien n'a rien if you don't ask, you don't get
    tu es riche et célèbre, que demande le peuple? (familier) you're rich and famous, what more do you want?
    partir sans demander son compte ou son reste to leave without further ado ou without so much as a by-your-leave (humoristique)
    3. [réclamer la présence de - généralement] to want ; [ - médecin] to send for (inseparable), to call (for) ; [ - prêtre] to ask for (inseparable)
    on te demande au téléphone/aux urgences you're wanted on the telephone/in casualty
    [au téléphone]
    demandez-moi le siège à Paris/M. Blanc get me the head office in Paris/Mr Blanc
    4. [chercher à savoir] to ask
    j'ai demandé de tes nouvelles à Marie I asked for news of you from Marie, I asked Marie about you
    on ne t'a rien demandé (à toi)! nobody asked YOU, nobody asked for YOUR opinion!
    à quoi sert la police, je vous le demande ou je vous demande un peu! (familier) what are the police for, I ask you?
    5. [faire venir - ambulance, taxi] to send for (separable), to call (for)
    6. [chercher à recruter - vendeur, ingénieur] to want, to require
    ‘on demande un livreur’ ‘delivery boy wanted ou required’
    on demande beaucoup de secrétaires there's a great demand for secretaries, secretaries are in great demand
    7. [nécessiter] to need, to require, to call for (inseparable)
    ça demande réflexion it needs thinking about, it needs some thought
    ————————
    demander à verbe plus préposition
    je ne demande qu'à vous embaucher/aider I'm more than willing to hire/help you
    ————————
    demander après verbe plus préposition
    a. [ils t'ont réclamé] they asked for you
    b. [pour avoir de tes nouvelles] they asked how you were ou after you
    ————————
    se demander verbe pronominal (emploi passif)
    ————————
    se demander verbe pronominal intransitif
    on est en droit de se demander pourquoi/comment/si... one may rightfully ask oneself why/how/whether...

    Dictionnaire Français-Anglais > demander

  • 15 geistlich

    Adj. religious; Musik etc.: auch sacred; (Priester betreffend) clerical; (kirchlich) ecclesiastical; (nicht weltlich) spiritual; geistliches Amt ministry; geistlicher Herr altm. Geistliche; geistlicher Orden religious order; geistlichen Beistand brauchen / wünschen require someone to tend to one’s spiritual needs; Stand 3
    * * *
    ecclesiastic; spiritual; ecclesiastical; clerical; religious
    * * *
    geist|lich ['gaistlɪç]
    adj
    Angelegenheit, Einstellung, Führer, Beistand spiritual; (= religiös) Drama, Dichtung, Schrift religious; Musik religious, sacred; (= kirchlich) ecclesiastical; Gewand ecclesiastical, clerical

    géístliches Amt — religious office

    géístlicher Orden — religious order

    géístliches Recht — canon law

    der géístliche Stand — the clergy

    die géístlichen Weihen empfangen — to take holy orders

    * * *
    (of the clergy: He is wearing a clerical collar.) clerical
    * * *
    geist·lich
    [ˈgaistlɪç]
    I. adj
    1. (religiös) religious
    2. (kirchlich) ecclesiastical
    \geistliches Amt religious office
    der \geistliche Stand the clergy
    \geistlicher Beistand spiritual support
    II. adv spiritually
    * * *
    Adjektiv; nicht präd. sacred < song, music>; religious < order>; religious, devotional <book, writings>; spiritual <matter, support>; spiritual, religious < leader>; ecclesiastical < office, dignitary>
    * * *
    geistlich adj religious; Musik etc: auch sacred; (Priester betreffend) clerical; (kirchlich) ecclesiastical; (nicht weltlich) spiritual;
    geistliches Amt ministry;
    geistlicher Orden religious order;
    geistlichen Beistand brauchen/wünschen require someone to tend to one’s spiritual needs; → Stand 3
    * * *
    Adjektiv; nicht präd. sacred <song, music>; religious < order>; religious, devotional <book, writings>; spiritual <matter, support>; spiritual, religious < leader>; ecclesiastical <office, dignitary>
    * * *
    adj.
    spiritual adj.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > geistlich

  • 16 Historical Portugal

       Before Romans described western Iberia or Hispania as "Lusitania," ancient Iberians inhabited the land. Phoenician and Greek trading settlements grew up in the Tagus estuary area and nearby coasts. Beginning around 202 BCE, Romans invaded what is today southern Portugal. With Rome's defeat of Carthage, Romans proceeded to conquer and rule the western region north of the Tagus, which they named Roman "Lusitania." In the fourth century CE, as Rome's rule weakened, the area experienced yet another invasion—Germanic tribes, principally the Suevi, who eventually were Christianized. During the sixth century CE, the Suevi kingdom was superseded by yet another Germanic tribe—the Christian Visigoths.
       A major turning point in Portugal's history came in 711, as Muslim armies from North Africa, consisting of both Arab and Berber elements, invaded the Iberian Peninsula from across the Straits of Gibraltar. They entered what is now Portugal in 714, and proceeded to conquer most of the country except for the far north. For the next half a millennium, Islam and Muslim presence in Portugal left a significant mark upon the politics, government, language, and culture of the country.
       Islam, Reconquest, and Portugal Created, 714-1140
       The long frontier struggle between Muslim invaders and Christian communities in the north of the Iberian peninsula was called the Reconquista (Reconquest). It was during this struggle that the first dynasty of Portuguese kings (Burgundian) emerged and the independent monarchy of Portugal was established. Christian forces moved south from what is now the extreme north of Portugal and gradually defeated Muslim forces, besieging and capturing towns under Muslim sway. In the ninth century, as Christian forces slowly made their way southward, Christian elements were dominant only in the area between Minho province and the Douro River; this region became known as "territorium Portu-calense."
       In the 11th century, the advance of the Reconquest quickened as local Christian armies were reinforced by crusading knights from what is now France and England. Christian forces took Montemor (1034), at the Mondego River; Lamego (1058); Viseu (1058); and Coimbra (1064). In 1095, the king of Castile and Léon granted the country of "Portu-cale," what became northern Portugal, to a Burgundian count who had emigrated from France. This was the foundation of Portugal. In 1139, a descendant of this count, Afonso Henriques, proclaimed himself "King of Portugal." He was Portugal's first monarch, the "Founder," and the first of the Burgundian dynasty, which ruled until 1385.
       The emergence of Portugal in the 12th century as a separate monarchy in Iberia occurred before the Christian Reconquest of the peninsula. In the 1140s, the pope in Rome recognized Afonso Henriques as king of Portugal. In 1147, after a long, bloody siege, Muslim-occupied Lisbon fell to Afonso Henriques's army. Lisbon was the greatest prize of the 500-year war. Assisting this effort were English crusaders on their way to the Holy Land; the first bishop of Lisbon was an Englishman. When the Portuguese captured Faro and Silves in the Algarve province in 1248-50, the Reconquest of the extreme western portion of the Iberian peninsula was complete—significantly, more than two centuries before the Spanish crown completed the Reconquest of the eastern portion by capturing Granada in 1492.
       Consolidation and Independence of Burgundian Portugal, 1140-1385
       Two main themes of Portugal's early existence as a monarchy are the consolidation of control over the realm and the defeat of a Castil-ian threat from the east to its independence. At the end of this period came the birth of a new royal dynasty (Aviz), which prepared to carry the Christian Reconquest beyond continental Portugal across the straits of Gibraltar to North Africa. There was a variety of motives behind these developments. Portugal's independent existence was imperiled by threats from neighboring Iberian kingdoms to the north and east. Politics were dominated not only by efforts against the Muslims in
       Portugal (until 1250) and in nearby southern Spain (until 1492), but also by internecine warfare among the kingdoms of Castile, Léon, Aragon, and Portugal. A final comeback of Muslim forces was defeated at the battle of Salado (1340) by allied Castilian and Portuguese forces. In the emerging Kingdom of Portugal, the monarch gradually gained power over and neutralized the nobility and the Church.
       The historic and commonplace Portuguese saying "From Spain, neither a good wind nor a good marriage" was literally played out in diplomacy and war in the late 14th-century struggles for mastery in the peninsula. Larger, more populous Castile was pitted against smaller Portugal. Castile's Juan I intended to force a union between Castile and Portugal during this era of confusion and conflict. In late 1383, Portugal's King Fernando, the last king of the Burgundian dynasty, suddenly died prematurely at age 38, and the Master of Aviz, Portugal's most powerful nobleman, took up the cause of independence and resistance against Castile's invasion. The Master of Aviz, who became King João I of Portugal, was able to obtain foreign assistance. With the aid of English archers, Joao's armies defeated the Castilians in the crucial battle of Aljubarrota, on 14 August 1385, a victory that assured the independence of the Portuguese monarchy from its Castilian nemesis for several centuries.
       Aviz Dynasty and Portugal's First Overseas Empire, 1385-1580
       The results of the victory at Aljubarrota, much celebrated in Portugal's art and monuments, and the rise of the Aviz dynasty also helped to establish a new merchant class in Lisbon and Oporto, Portugal's second city. This group supported King João I's program of carrying the Reconquest to North Africa, since it was interested in expanding Portugal's foreign commerce and tapping into Muslim trade routes and resources in Africa. With the Reconquest against the Muslims completed in Portugal and the threat from Castile thwarted for the moment, the Aviz dynasty launched an era of overseas conquest, exploration, and trade. These efforts dominated Portugal's 15th and 16th centuries.
       The overseas empire and age of Discoveries began with Portugal's bold conquest in 1415 of the Moroccan city of Ceuta. One royal member of the 1415 expedition was young, 21-year-old Prince Henry, later known in history as "Prince Henry the Navigator." His part in the capture of Ceuta won Henry his knighthood and began Portugal's "Marvelous Century," during which the small kingdom was counted as a European and world power of consequence. Henry was the son of King João I and his English queen, Philippa of Lancaster, but he did not inherit the throne. Instead, he spent most of his life and his fortune, and that of the wealthy military Order of Christ, on various imperial ventures and on voyages of exploration down the African coast and into the Atlantic. While mythology has surrounded Henry's controversial role in the Discoveries, and this role has been exaggerated, there is no doubt that he played a vital part in the initiation of Portugal's first overseas empire and in encouraging exploration. He was naturally curious, had a sense of mission for Portugal, and was a strong leader. He also had wealth to expend; at least a third of the African voyages of the time were under his sponsorship. If Prince Henry himself knew little science, significant scientific advances in navigation were made in his day.
       What were Portugal's motives for this new imperial effort? The well-worn historical cliche of "God, Glory, and Gold" can only partly explain the motivation of a small kingdom with few natural resources and barely 1 million people, which was greatly outnumbered by the other powers it confronted. Among Portuguese objectives were the desire to exploit known North African trade routes and resources (gold, wheat, leather, weaponry, and other goods that were scarce in Iberia); the need to outflank the Muslim world in the Mediterranean by sailing around Africa, attacking Muslims en route; and the wish to ally with Christian kingdoms beyond Africa. This enterprise also involved a strategy of breaking the Venetian spice monopoly by trading directly with the East by means of discovering and exploiting a sea route around Africa to Asia. Besides the commercial motives, Portugal nurtured a strong crusading sense of Christian mission, and various classes in the kingdom saw an opportunity for fame and gain.
       By the time of Prince Henry's death in 1460, Portugal had gained control of the Atlantic archipelagos of the Azores and Madeiras, begun to colonize the Cape Verde Islands, failed to conquer the Canary Islands from Castile, captured various cities on Morocco's coast, and explored as far as Senegal, West Africa, down the African coast. By 1488, Bar-tolomeu Dias had rounded the Cape of Good Hope in South Africa and thereby discovered the way to the Indian Ocean.
       Portugal's largely coastal African empire and later its fragile Asian empire brought unexpected wealth but were purchased at a high price. Costs included wars of conquest and defense against rival powers, manning the far-flung navel and trade fleets and scattered castle-fortresses, and staffing its small but fierce armies, all of which entailed a loss of skills and population to maintain a scattered empire. Always short of capital, the monarchy became indebted to bankers. There were many defeats beginning in the 16th century at the hands of the larger imperial European monarchies (Spain, France, England, and Holland) and many attacks on Portugal and its strung-out empire. Typically, there was also the conflict that arose when a tenuously held world empire that rarely if ever paid its way demanded finance and manpower Portugal itself lacked.
       The first 80 years of the glorious imperial era, the golden age of Portugal's imperial power and world influence, was an African phase. During 1415-88, Portuguese navigators and explorers in small ships, some of them caravelas (caravels), explored the treacherous, disease-ridden coasts of Africa from Morocco to South Africa beyond the Cape of Good Hope. By the 1470s, the Portuguese had reached the Gulf of Guinea and, in the early 1480s, what is now Angola. Bartolomeu Dias's extraordinary voyage of 1487-88 to South Africa's coast and the edge of the Indian Ocean convinced Portugal that the best route to Asia's spices and Christians lay south, around the tip of southern Africa. Between 1488 and 1495, there was a hiatus caused in part by domestic conflict in Portugal, discussion of resources available for further conquests beyond Africa in Asia, and serious questions as to Portugal's capacity to reach beyond Africa. In 1495, King Manuel and his council decided to strike for Asia, whatever the consequences. In 1497-99, Vasco da Gama, under royal orders, made the epic two-year voyage that discovered the sea route to western India (Asia), outflanked Islam and Venice, and began Portugal's Asian empire. Within 50 years, Portugal had discovered and begun the exploitation of its largest colony, Brazil, and set up forts and trading posts from the Middle East (Aden and Ormuz), India (Calicut, Goa, etc.), Malacca, and Indonesia to Macau in China.
       By the 1550s, parts of its largely coastal, maritime trading post empire from Morocco to the Moluccas were under siege from various hostile forces, including Muslims, Christians, and Hindi. Although Moroccan forces expelled the Portuguese from the major coastal cities by 1550, the rival European monarchies of Castile (Spain), England, France, and later Holland began to seize portions of her undermanned, outgunned maritime empire.
       In 1580, Phillip II of Spain, whose mother was a Portuguese princess and who had a strong claim to the Portuguese throne, invaded Portugal, claimed the throne, and assumed control over the realm and, by extension, its African, Asian, and American empires. Phillip II filled the power vacuum that appeared in Portugal following the loss of most of Portugal's army and its young, headstrong King Sebastião in a disastrous war in Morocco. Sebastiao's death in battle (1578) and the lack of a natural heir to succeed him, as well as the weak leadership of the cardinal who briefly assumed control in Lisbon, led to a crisis that Spain's strong monarch exploited. As a result, Portugal lost its independence to Spain for a period of 60 years.
       Portugal under Spanish Rule, 1580-1640
       Despite the disastrous nature of Portugal's experience under Spanish rule, "The Babylonian Captivity" gave birth to modern Portuguese nationalism, its second overseas empire, and its modern alliance system with England. Although Spain allowed Portugal's weakened empire some autonomy, Spanish rule in Portugal became increasingly burdensome and unacceptable. Spain's ambitious imperial efforts in Europe and overseas had an impact on the Portuguese as Spain made greater and greater demands on its smaller neighbor for manpower and money. Portugal's culture underwent a controversial Castilianization, while its empire became hostage to Spain's fortunes. New rival powers England, France, and Holland attacked and took parts of Spain's empire and at the same time attacked Portugal's empire, as well as the mother country.
       Portugal's empire bore the consequences of being attacked by Spain's bitter enemies in what was a form of world war. Portuguese losses were heavy. By 1640, Portugal had lost most of its Moroccan cities as well as Ceylon, the Moluccas, and sections of India. With this, Portugal's Asian empire was gravely weakened. Only Goa, Damão, Diu, Bombay, Timor, and Macau remained and, in Brazil, Dutch forces occupied the northeast.
       On 1 December 1640, long commemorated as a national holiday, Portuguese rebels led by the duke of Braganza overthrew Spanish domination and took advantage of Spanish weakness following a more serious rebellion in Catalonia. Portugal regained independence from Spain, but at a price: dependence on foreign assistance to maintain its independence in the form of the renewal of the alliance with England.
       Restoration and Second Empire, 1640-1822
       Foreign affairs and empire dominated the restoration era and aftermath, and Portugal again briefly enjoyed greater European power and prestige. The Anglo-Portuguese Alliance was renewed and strengthened in treaties of 1642, 1654, and 1661, and Portugal's independence from Spain was underwritten by English pledges and armed assistance. In a Luso-Spanish treaty of 1668, Spain recognized Portugal's independence. Portugal's alliance with England was a marriage of convenience and necessity between two monarchies with important religious, cultural, and social differences. In return for legal, diplomatic, and trade privileges, as well as the use during war and peace of Portugal's great Lisbon harbor and colonial ports for England's navy, England pledged to protect Portugal and its scattered empire from any attack. The previously cited 17th-century alliance treaties were renewed later in the Treaty of Windsor, signed in London in 1899. On at least 10 different occasions after 1640, and during the next two centuries, England was central in helping prevent or repel foreign invasions of its ally, Portugal.
       Portugal's second empire (1640-1822) was largely Brazil-oriented. Portuguese colonization, exploitation of wealth, and emigration focused on Portuguese America, and imperial revenues came chiefly from Brazil. Between 1670 and 1740, Portugal's royalty and nobility grew wealthier on funds derived from Brazilian gold, diamonds, sugar, tobacco, and other crops, an enterprise supported by the Atlantic slave trade and the supply of African slave labor from West Africa and Angola. Visitors today can see where much of that wealth was invested: Portugal's rich legacy of monumental architecture. Meanwhile, the African slave trade took a toll in Angola and West Africa.
       In continental Portugal, absolutist monarchy dominated politics and government, and there was a struggle for position and power between the monarchy and other institutions, such as the Church and nobility. King José I's chief minister, usually known in history as the marquis of Pombal (ruled 1750-77), sharply suppressed the nobility and the
       Church (including the Inquisition, now a weak institution) and expelled the Jesuits. Pombal also made an effort to reduce economic dependence on England, Portugal's oldest ally. But his successes did not last much beyond his disputed time in office.
       Beginning in the late 18th century, the European-wide impact of the French Revolution and the rise of Napoleon placed Portugal in a vulnerable position. With the monarchy ineffectively led by an insane queen (Maria I) and her indecisive regent son (João VI), Portugal again became the focus of foreign ambition and aggression. With England unable to provide decisive assistance in time, France—with Spain's consent—invaded Portugal in 1807. As Napoleon's army under General Junot entered Lisbon meeting no resistance, Portugal's royal family fled on a British fleet to Brazil, where it remained in exile until 1821. In the meantime, Portugal's overseas empire was again under threat. There was a power vacuum as the monarch was absent, foreign armies were present, and new political notions of liberalism and constitutional monarchy were exciting various groups of citizens.
       Again England came to the rescue, this time in the form of the armies of the duke of Wellington. Three successive French invasions of Portugal were defeated and expelled, and Wellington succeeded in carrying the war against Napoleon across the Portuguese frontier into Spain. The presence of the English army, the new French-born liberal ideas, and the political vacuum combined to create revolutionary conditions. The French invasions and the peninsular wars, where Portuguese armed forces played a key role, marked the beginning of a new era in politics.
       Liberalism and Constitutional Monarchy, 1822-1910
       During 1807-22, foreign invasions, war, and civil strife over conflicting political ideas gravely damaged Portugal's commerce, economy, and novice industry. The next terrible blow was the loss of Brazil in 1822, the jewel in the imperial crown. Portugal's very independence seemed to be at risk. In vain, Portugal sought to resist Brazilian independence by force, but in 1825 it formally acknowledged Brazilian independence by treaty.
       Portugal's slow recovery from the destructive French invasions and the "war of independence" was complicated by civil strife over the form of constitutional monarchy that best suited Portugal. After struggles over these issues between 1820 and 1834, Portugal settled somewhat uncertainly into a moderate constitutional monarchy whose constitution (Charter of 1826) lent it strong political powers to exert a moderating influence between the executive and legislative branches of the government. It also featured a new upper middle class based on land ownership and commerce; a Catholic Church that, although still important, lived with reduced privileges and property; a largely African (third) empire to which Lisbon and Oporto devoted increasing spiritual and material resources, starting with the liberal imperial plans of 1836 and 1851, and continuing with the work of institutions like the Lisbon Society of Geography (established 1875); and a mass of rural peasants whose bonds to the land weakened after 1850 and who began to immigrate in increasing numbers to Brazil and North America.
       Chronic military intervention in national politics began in 19th-century Portugal. Such intervention, usually commencing with coups or pronunciamentos (military revolts), was a shortcut to the spoils of political office and could reflect popular discontent as well as the power of personalities. An early example of this was the 1817 golpe (coup) attempt of General Gomes Freire against British military rule in Portugal before the return of King João VI from Brazil. Except for a more stable period from 1851 to 1880, military intervention in politics, or the threat thereof, became a feature of the constitutional monarchy's political life, and it continued into the First Republic and the subsequent Estado Novo.
       Beginning with the Regeneration period (1851-80), Portugal experienced greater political stability and economic progress. Military intervention in politics virtually ceased; industrialization and construction of railroads, roads, and bridges proceeded; two political parties (Regenerators and Historicals) worked out a system of rotation in power; and leading intellectuals sparked a cultural revival in several fields. In 19th-century literature, there was a new golden age led by such figures as Alexandre Herculano (historian), Eça de Queirós (novelist), Almeida Garrett (playwright and essayist), Antero de Quental (poet), and Joaquim Oliveira Martins (historian and social scientist). In its third overseas empire, Portugal attempted to replace the slave trade and slavery with legitimate economic activities; to reform the administration; and to expand Portuguese holdings beyond coastal footholds deep into the African hinterlands in West, West Central, and East Africa. After 1841, to some extent, and especially after 1870, colonial affairs, combined with intense nationalism, pressures for economic profit in Africa, sentiment for national revival, and the drift of European affairs would make or break Lisbon governments.
       Beginning with the political crisis that arose out of the "English Ultimatum" affair of January 1890, the monarchy became discredtted and identified with the poorly functioning government, political parties splintered, and republicanism found more supporters. Portugal participated in the "Scramble for Africa," expanding its African holdings, but failed to annex territory connecting Angola and Mozambique. A growing foreign debt and state bankruptcy as of the early 1890s damaged the constitutional monarchy's reputation, despite the efforts of King Carlos in diplomacy, the renewal of the alliance in the Windsor Treaty of 1899, and the successful if bloody colonial wars in the empire (1880-97). Republicanism proclaimed that Portugal's weak economy and poor society were due to two historic institutions: the monarchy and the Catholic Church. A republic, its stalwarts claimed, would bring greater individual liberty; efficient, if more decentralized government; and a stronger colonial program while stripping the Church of its role in both society and education.
       As the monarchy lost support and republicans became more aggressive, violence increased in politics. King Carlos I and his heir Luís were murdered in Lisbon by anarchist-republicans on 1 February 1908. Following a military and civil insurrection and fighting between monarchist and republican forces, on 5 October 1910, King Manuel II fled Portugal and a republic was proclaimed.
       First Parliamentary Republic, 1910-26
       Portugal's first attempt at republican government was the most unstable, turbulent parliamentary republic in the history of 20th-century Western Europe. During a little under 16 years of the republic, there were 45 governments, a number of legislatures that did not complete normal terms, military coups, and only one president who completed his four-year term in office. Portuguese society was poorly prepared for this political experiment. Among the deadly legacies of the monarchy were a huge public debt; a largely rural, apolitical, and illiterate peasant population; conflict over the causes of the country's misfortunes; and lack of experience with a pluralist, democratic system.
       The republic had some talented leadership but lacked popular, institutional, and economic support. The 1911 republican constitution established only a limited democracy, as only a small portion of the adult male citizenry was eligible to vote. In a country where the majority was Catholic, the republic passed harshly anticlerical laws, and its institutions and supporters persecuted both the Church and its adherents. During its brief disjointed life, the First Republic drafted important reform plans in economic, social, and educational affairs; actively promoted development in the empire; and pursued a liberal, generous foreign policy. Following British requests for Portugal's assistance in World War I, Portugal entered the war on the Allied side in March 1916 and sent armies to Flanders and Portuguese Africa. Portugal's intervention in that conflict, however, was too costly in many respects, and the ultimate failure of the republic in part may be ascribed to Portugal's World War I activities.
       Unfortunately for the republic, its time coincided with new threats to Portugal's African possessions: World War I, social and political demands from various classes that could not be reconciled, excessive military intervention in politics, and, in particular, the worst economic and financial crisis Portugal had experienced since the 16th and 17th centuries. After the original Portuguese Republican Party (PRP, also known as the "Democrats") splintered into three warring groups in 1912, no true multiparty system emerged. The Democrats, except for only one or two elections, held an iron monopoly of electoral power, and political corruption became a major issue. As extreme right-wing dictatorships elsewhere in Europe began to take power in Italy (1922), neighboring Spain (1923), and Greece (1925), what scant popular support remained for the republic collapsed. Backed by a right-wing coalition of landowners from Alentejo, clergy, Coimbra University faculty and students, Catholic organizations, and big business, career military officers led by General Gomes da Costa executed a coup on 28 May 1926, turned out the last republican government, and established a military government.
       The Estado Novo (New State), 1926-74
       During the military phase (1926-32) of the Estado Novo, professional military officers, largely from the army, governed and administered Portugal and held key cabinet posts, but soon discovered that the military possessed no magic formula that could readily solve the problems inherited from the First Republic. Especially during the years 1926-31, the military dictatorship, even with its political repression of republican activities and institutions (military censorship of the press, political police action, and closure of the republic's rowdy parliament), was characterized by similar weaknesses: personalism and factionalism; military coups and political instability, including civil strife and loss of life; state debt and bankruptcy; and a weak economy. "Barracks parliamentarism" was not an acceptable alternative even to the "Nightmare Republic."
       Led by General Óscar Carmona, who had replaced and sent into exile General Gomes da Costa, the military dictatorship turned to a civilian expert in finance and economics to break the budget impasse and bring coherence to the disorganized system. Appointed minister of finance on 27 April 1928, the Coimbra University Law School professor of economics Antônio de Oliveira Salazar (1889-1970) first reformed finance, helped balance the budget, and then turned to other concerns as he garnered extraordinary governing powers. In 1930, he was appointed interim head of another key ministry (Colonies) and within a few years had become, in effect, a civilian dictator who, with the military hierarchy's support, provided the government with coherence, a program, and a set of policies.
       For nearly 40 years after he was appointed the first civilian prime minister in 1932, Salazar's personality dominated the government. Unlike extreme right-wing dictators elsewhere in Europe, Salazar was directly appointed by the army but was never endorsed by a popular political party, street militia, or voter base. The scholarly, reclusive former Coimbra University professor built up what became known after 1932 as the Estado Novo ("New State"), which at the time of its overthrow by another military coup in 1974, was the longest surviving authoritarian regime in Western Europe. The system of Salazar and the largely academic and technocratic ruling group he gathered in his cabinets was based on the central bureaucracy of the state, which was supported by the president of the republic—always a senior career military officer, General Óscar Carmona (1928-51), General Craveiro Lopes (1951-58), and Admiral Américo Tómaz (1958-74)—and the complicity of various institutions. These included a rubber-stamp legislature called the National Assembly (1935-74) and a political police known under various names: PVDE (1932-45), PIDE (1945-69),
       and DGS (1969-74). Other defenders of the Estado Novo security were paramilitary organizations such as the National Republican Guard (GNR); the Portuguese Legion (PL); and the Portuguese Youth [Movement]. In addition to censorship of the media, theater, and books, there was political repression and a deliberate policy of depoliticization. All political parties except for the approved movement of regime loyalists, the União Nacional or (National Union), were banned.
       The most vigorous and more popular period of the New State was 1932-44, when the basic structures were established. Never monolithic or entirely the work of one person (Salazar), the New State was constructed with the assistance of several dozen top associates who were mainly academics from law schools, some technocrats with specialized skills, and a handful of trusted career military officers. The 1933 Constitution declared Portugal to be a "unitary, corporative Republic," and pressures to restore the monarchy were resisted. Although some of the regime's followers were fascists and pseudofascists, many more were conservative Catholics, integralists, nationalists, and monarchists of different varieties, and even some reactionary republicans. If the New State was authoritarian, it was not totalitarian and, unlike fascism in Benito Mussolini's Italy or Adolf Hitler's Germany, it usually employed the minimum of violence necessary to defeat what remained a largely fractious, incoherent opposition.
       With the tumultuous Second Republic and the subsequent civil war in nearby Spain, the regime felt threatened and reinforced its defenses. During what Salazar rightly perceived as a time of foreign policy crisis for Portugal (1936-45), he assumed control of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. From there, he pursued four basic foreign policy objectives: supporting the Nationalist rebels of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War (1936-39) and concluding defense treaties with a triumphant Franco; ensuring that General Franco in an exhausted Spain did not enter World War II on the Axis side; maintaining Portuguese neutrality in World War II with a post-1942 tilt toward the Allies, including granting Britain and the United States use of bases in the Azores Islands; and preserving and protecting Portugal's Atlantic Islands and its extensive, if poor, overseas empire in Africa and Asia.
       During the middle years of the New State (1944-58), many key Salazar associates in government either died or resigned, and there was greater social unrest in the form of unprecedented strikes and clandestine Communist activities, intensified opposition, and new threatening international pressures on Portugal's overseas empire. During the earlier phase of the Cold War (1947-60), Portugal became a steadfast, if weak, member of the US-dominated North Atlantic Treaty Organization alliance and, in 1955, with American support, Portugal joined the United Nations (UN). Colonial affairs remained a central concern of the regime. As of 1939, Portugal was the third largest colonial power in the world and possessed territories in tropical Africa (Angola, Mozambique, Guinea-Bissau, and São Tomé and Príncipe Islands) and the remnants of its 16th-century empire in Asia (Goa, Damão, Diu, East Timor, and Macau). Beginning in the early 1950s, following the independence of India in 1947, Portugal resisted Indian pressures to decolonize Portuguese India and used police forces to discourage internal opposition in its Asian and African colonies.
       The later years of the New State (1958-68) witnessed the aging of the increasingly isolated but feared Salazar and new threats both at home and overseas. Although the regime easily overcame the brief oppositionist threat from rival presidential candidate General Humberto Delgado in the spring of 1958, new developments in the African and Asian empires imperiled the authoritarian system. In February 1961, oppositionists hijacked the Portuguese ocean liner Santa Maria and, in following weeks, African insurgents in northern Angola, although they failed to expel the Portuguese, gained worldwide media attention, discredited the New State, and began the 13-year colonial war. After thwarting a dissident military coup against his continued leadership, Salazar and his ruling group mobilized military repression in Angola and attempted to develop the African colonies at a faster pace in order to ensure Portuguese control. Meanwhile, the other European colonial powers (Britain, France, Belgium, and Spain) rapidly granted political independence to their African territories.
       At the time of Salazar's removal from power in September 1968, following a stroke, Portugal's efforts to maintain control over its colonies appeared to be successful. President Americo Tomás appointed Dr. Marcello Caetano as Salazar's successor as prime minister. While maintaining the New State's basic structures, and continuing the regime's essential colonial policy, Caetano attempted wider reforms in colonial administration and some devolution of power from Lisbon, as well as more freedom of expression in Lisbon. Still, a great deal of the budget was devoted to supporting the wars against the insurgencies in Africa. Meanwhile in Asia, Portuguese India had fallen when the Indian army invaded in December 1961. The loss of Goa was a psychological blow to the leadership of the New State, and of the Asian empire only East Timor and Macau remained.
       The Caetano years (1968-74) were but a hiatus between the waning Salazar era and a new regime. There was greater political freedom and rapid economic growth (5-6 percent annually to late 1973), but Caetano's government was unable to reform the old system thoroughly and refused to consider new methods either at home or in the empire. In the end, regime change came from junior officers of the professional military who organized the Armed Forces Movement (MFA) against the Caetano government. It was this group of several hundred officers, mainly in the army and navy, which engineered a largely bloodless coup in Lisbon on 25 April 1974. Their unexpected action brought down the 48-year-old New State and made possible the eventual establishment and consolidation of democratic governance in Portugal, as well as a reorientation of the country away from the Atlantic toward Europe.
       Revolution of Carnations, 1974-76
       Following successful military operations of the Armed Forces Movement against the Caetano government, Portugal experienced what became known as the "Revolution of Carnations." It so happened that during the rainy week of the military golpe, Lisbon flower shops were featuring carnations, and the revolutionaries and their supporters adopted the red carnation as the common symbol of the event, as well as of the new freedom from dictatorship. The MFA, whose leaders at first were mostly little-known majors and captains, proclaimed a three-fold program of change for the new Portugal: democracy; decolonization of the overseas empire, after ending the colonial wars; and developing a backward economy in the spirit of opportunity and equality. During the first 24 months after the coup, there was civil strife, some anarchy, and a power struggle. With the passing of the Estado Novo, public euphoria burst forth as the new provisional military government proclaimed the freedoms of speech, press, and assembly, and abolished censorship, the political police, the Portuguese Legion, Portuguese Youth, and other New State organizations, including the National Union. Scores of political parties were born and joined the senior political party, the Portuguese Community Party (PCP), and the Socialist Party (PS), founded shortly before the coup.
       Portugal's Revolution of Carnations went through several phases. There was an attempt to take control by radical leftists, including the PCP and its allies. This was thwarted by moderate officers in the army, as well as by the efforts of two political parties: the PS and the Social Democrats (PPD, later PSD). The first phase was from April to September 1974. Provisional president General Antonio Spínola, whose 1974 book Portugal and the Future had helped prepare public opinion for the coup, met irresistible leftist pressures. After Spinola's efforts to avoid rapid decolonization of the African empire failed, he resigned in September 1974. During the second phase, from September 1974 to March 1975, radical military officers gained control, but a coup attempt by General Spínola and his supporters in Lisbon in March 1975 failed and Spínola fled to Spain.
       In the third phase of the Revolution, March-November 1975, a strong leftist reaction followed. Farm workers occupied and "nationalized" 1.1 million hectares of farmland in the Alentejo province, and radical military officers in the provisional government ordered the nationalization of Portuguese banks (foreign banks were exempted), utilities, and major industries, or about 60 percent of the economic system. There were power struggles among various political parties — a total of 50 emerged—and in the streets there was civil strife among labor, military, and law enforcement groups. A constituent assembly, elected on 25 April 1975, in Portugal's first free elections since 1926, drafted a democratic constitution. The Council of the Revolution (CR), briefly a revolutionary military watchdog committee, was entrenched as part of the government under the constitution, until a later revision. During the chaotic year of 1975, about 30 persons were killed in political frays while unstable provisional governments came and went. On 25 November 1975, moderate military forces led by Colonel Ramalho Eanes, who later was twice elected president of the republic (1976 and 1981), defeated radical, leftist military groups' revolutionary conspiracies.
       In the meantime, Portugal's scattered overseas empire experienced a precipitous and unprepared decolonization. One by one, the former colonies were granted and accepted independence—Guinea-Bissau (September 1974), Cape Verde Islands (July 1975), and Mozambique (July 1975). Portugal offered to turn over Macau to the People's Republic of China, but the offer was refused then and later negotiations led to the establishment of a formal decolonization or hand-over date of 1999. But in two former colonies, the process of decolonization had tragic results.
       In Angola, decolonization negotiations were greatly complicated by the fact that there were three rival nationalist movements in a struggle for power. The January 1975 Alvor Agreement signed by Portugal and these three parties was not effectively implemented. A bloody civil war broke out in Angola in the spring of 1975 and, when Portuguese armed forces withdrew and declared that Angola was independent on 11 November 1975, the bloodshed only increased. Meanwhile, most of the white Portuguese settlers from Angola and Mozambique fled during the course of 1975. Together with African refugees, more than 600,000 of these retornados ("returned ones") went by ship and air to Portugal and thousands more to Namibia, South Africa, Brazil, Canada, and the United States.
       The second major decolonization disaster was in Portugal's colony of East Timor in the Indonesian archipelago. Portugal's capacity to supervise and control a peaceful transition to independence in this isolated, neglected colony was limited by the strength of giant Indonesia, distance from Lisbon, and Portugal's revolutionary disorder and inability to defend Timor. In early December 1975, before Portugal granted formal independence and as one party, FRETILIN, unilaterally declared East Timor's independence, Indonesia's armed forces invaded, conquered, and annexed East Timor. Indonesian occupation encountered East Timorese resistance, and a heavy loss of life followed. The East Timor question remained a contentious international issue in the UN, as well as in Lisbon and Jakarta, for more than 20 years following Indonesia's invasion and annexation of the former colony of Portugal. Major changes occurred, beginning in 1998, after Indonesia underwent a political revolution and allowed a referendum in East Timor to decide that territory's political future in August 1999. Most East Timorese chose independence, but Indonesian forces resisted that verdict until
       UN intervention in September 1999. Following UN rule for several years, East Timor attained full independence on 20 May 2002.
       Consolidation of Democracy, 1976-2000
       After several free elections and record voter turnouts between 25 April 1975 and June 1976, civil war was averted and Portugal's second democratic republic began to stabilize. The MFA was dissolved, the military were returned to the barracks, and increasingly elected civilians took over the government of the country. The 1976 Constitution was revised several times beginning in 1982 and 1989, in order to reempha-size the principle of free enterprise in the economy while much of the large, nationalized sector was privatized. In June 1976, General Ram-alho Eanes was elected the first constitutional president of the republic (five-year term), and he appointed socialist leader Dr. Mário Soares as prime minister of the first constitutional government.
       From 1976 to 1985, Portugal's new system featured a weak economy and finances, labor unrest, and administrative and political instability. The difficult consolidation of democratic governance was eased in part by the strong currency and gold reserves inherited from the Estado Novo, but Lisbon seemed unable to cope with high unemployment, new debt, the complex impact of the refugees from Africa, world recession, and the agitation of political parties. Four major parties emerged from the maelstrom of 1974-75, except for the Communist Party, all newly founded. They were, from left to right, the Communists (PCP); the Socialists (PS), who managed to dominate governments and the legislature but not win a majority in the Assembly of the Republic; the Social Democrats (PSD); and the Christian Democrats (CDS). During this period, the annual growth rate was low (l-2 percent), and the nationalized sector of the economy stagnated.
       Enhanced economic growth, greater political stability, and more effective central government as of 1985, and especially 1987, were due to several developments. In 1977, Portugal applied for membership in the European Economic Community (EEC), now the European Union (EU) since 1993. In January 1986, with Spain, Portugal was granted membership, and economic and financial progress in the intervening years has been significantly influenced by the comparatively large investment, loans, technology, advice, and other assistance from the EEC. Low unemployment, high annual growth rates (5 percent), and moderate inflation have also been induced by the new political and administrative stability in Lisbon. Led by Prime Minister Cavaco Silva, an economist who was trained abroad, the PSD's strong organization, management, and electoral support since 1985 have assisted in encouraging economic recovery and development. In 1985, the PSD turned the PS out of office and won the general election, although they did not have an absolute majority of assembly seats. In 1986, Mário Soares was elected president of the republic, the first civilian to hold that office since the First Republic. In the elections of 1987 and 1991, however, the PSD was returned to power with clear majorities of over 50 percent of the vote.
       Although the PSD received 50.4 percent of the vote in the 1991 parliamentary elections and held a 42-seat majority in the Assembly of the Republic, the party began to lose public support following media revelations regarding corruption and complaints about Prime Minister Cavaco Silva's perceived arrogant leadership style. President Mário Soares voiced criticism of the PSD's seemingly untouchable majority and described a "tyranny of the majority." Economic growth slowed down. In the parliamentary elections of 1995 and the presidential election of 1996, the PSD's dominance ended for the time being. Prime Minister Antônio Guterres came to office when the PS won the October 1995 elections, and in the subsequent presidential contest, in January 1996, socialist Jorge Sampaio, the former mayor of Lisbon, was elected president of the republic, thus defeating Cavaco Silva's bid. Young and popular, Guterres moved the PS toward the center of the political spectrum. Under Guterres, the PS won the October 1999 parliamentary elections. The PS defeated the PSD but did not manage to win a clear, working majority of seats, and this made the PS dependent upon alliances with smaller parties, including the PCP.
       In the local elections in December 2001, the PSD's criticism of PS's heavy public spending allowed the PSD to take control of the key cities of Lisbon, Oporto, and Coimbra. Guterres resigned, and parliamentary elections were brought forward from 2004 to March 2002. The PSD won a narrow victory with 40 percent of the votes, and Jose Durão Barroso became prime minister. Having failed to win a majority of the seats in parliament forced the PSD to govern in coalition with the right-wing Popular Party (PP) led by Paulo Portas. Durão Barroso set about reducing government spending by cutting the budgets of local authorities, freezing civil service hiring, and reviving the economy by accelerating privatization of state-owned enterprises. These measures provoked a 24-hour strike by public-sector workers. Durão Barroso reacted with vows to press ahead with budget-cutting measures and imposed a wage freeze on all employees earning more than €1,000, which affected more than one-half of Portugal's work force.
       In June 2004, Durão Barroso was invited by Romano Prodi to succeed him as president of the European Commission. Durão Barroso accepted and resigned the prime ministership in July. Pedro Santana Lopes, the leader of the PSD, became prime minister. Already unpopular at the time of Durão Barroso's resignation, the PSD-led government became increasingly unpopular under Santana Lopes. A month-long delay in the start of the school year and confusion over his plan to cut taxes and raise public-sector salaries, eroded confidence even more. By November, Santana Lopes's government was so unpopular that President Jorge Sampaio was obliged to dissolve parliament and hold new elections, two years ahead of schedule.
       Parliamentary elections were held on 20 February 2005. The PS, which had promised the electorate disciplined and transparent governance, educational reform, the alleviation of poverty, and a boost in employment, won 45 percent of the vote and the majority of the seats in parliament. The leader of the PS, José Sôcrates became prime minister on 12 March 2005. In the regularly scheduled presidential elections held on 6 January 2006, the former leader of the PSD and prime minister, Aníbal Cavaco Silva, won a narrow victory and became president on 9 March 2006. With a mass protest, public teachers' strike, and street demonstrations in March 2008, Portugal's media, educational, and social systems experienced more severe pressures. With the spreading global recession beginning in September 2008, Portugal's economic and financial systems became more troubled.
       Owing to its geographic location on the southwestern most edge of continental Europe, Portugal has been historically in but not of Europe. Almost from the beginning of its existence in the 12th century as an independent monarchy, Portugal turned its back on Europe and oriented itself toward the Atlantic Ocean. After carving out a Christian kingdom on the western portion of the Iberian peninsula, Portuguese kings gradually built and maintained a vast seaborne global empire that became central to the way Portugal understood its individuality as a nation-state. While the creation of this empire allows Portugal to claim an unusual number of "firsts" or distinctions in world and Western history, it also retarded Portugal's economic, social, and political development. It can be reasonably argued that the Revolution of 25 April 1974 was the most decisive event in Portugal's long history because it finally ended Portugal's oceanic mission and view of itself as an imperial power. After the 1974 Revolution, Portugal turned away from its global mission and vigorously reoriented itself toward Europe. Contemporary Portugal is now both in and of Europe.
       The turn toward Europe began immediately after 25 April 1974. Portugal granted independence to its African colonies in 1975. It was admitted to the European Council and took the first steps toward accession to the European Economic Community (EEC) in 1976. On 28 March 1977, the Portuguese government officially applied for EEC membership. Because of Portugal's economic and social backwardness, which would require vast sums of EEC money to overcome, negotiations for membership were long and difficult. Finally, a treaty of accession was signed on 12 June 1985. Portugal officially joined the EEC (the European Union [EU] since 1993) on 1 January 1986. Since becoming a full-fledged member of the EU, Portugal has been steadily overcoming the economic and social underdevelopment caused by its imperial past and is becoming more like the rest of Europe.
       Membership in the EU has speeded up the structural transformation of Portugal's economy, which actually began during the Estado Novo. Investments made by the Estado Novo in Portugal's economy began to shift employment out of the agricultural sector, which, in 1950, accounted for 50 percent of Portugal's economically active population. Today, only 10 percent of the economically active population is employed in the agricultural sector (the highest among EU member states); 30 percent in the industrial sector (also the highest among EU member states); and 60 percent in the service sector (the lowest among EU member states). The economically active population numbers about 5,000,000 employed, 56 percent of whom are women. Women workers are the majority of the workforce in the agricultural and service sectors (the highest among the EU member states). The expansion of the service sector has been primarily in health care and education. Portugal has had the lowest unemployment rates among EU member states, with the overall rate never being more than 10 percent of the active population. Since joining the EU, the number of employers increased from 2.6 percent to 5.8 percent of the active population; self-employed from 16 to 19 percent; and employees from 65 to 70 percent. Twenty-six percent of the employers are women. Unemployment tends to hit younger workers in industry and transportation, women employed in domestic service, workers on short-term contracts, and poorly educated workers. Salaried workers earn only 63 percent of the EU average, and hourly workers only one-third to one-half of that earned by their EU counterparts. Despite having had the second highest growth of gross national product (GNP) per inhabitant (after Ireland) among EU member states, the above data suggest that while much has been accomplished in terms of modernizing the Portuguese economy, much remains to be done to bring Portugal's economy up to the level of the "average" EU member state.
       Membership in the EU has also speeded up changes in Portuguese society. Over the last 30 years, coastalization and urbanization have intensified. Fully 50 percent of Portuguese live in the coastal urban conurbations of Lisbon, Oporto, Braga, Aveiro, Coimbra, Viseu, Évora, and Faro. The Portuguese population is one of the oldest among EU member states (17.3 percent are 65 years of age or older) thanks to a considerable increase in life expectancy at birth (77.87 years for the total population, 74.6 years for men, 81.36 years for women) and one of the lowest birthrates (10.59 births/1,000) in Europe. Family size averages 2.8 persons per household, with the strict nuclear family (one or two generations) in which both parents work being typical. Common law marriages, cohabitating couples, and single-parent households are more and more common. The divorce rate has also increased. "Youth Culture" has developed. The young have their own meeting places, leisure-time activities, and nightlife (bars, clubs, and discos).
       All Portuguese citizens, whether they have contributed or not, have a right to an old-age pension, invalidity benefits, widowed persons' pension, as well as payments for disabilities, children, unemployment, and large families. There is a national minimum wage (€385 per month), which is low by EU standards. The rapid aging of Portugal's population has changed the ratio of contributors to pensioners to 1.7, the lowest in the EU. This has created deficits in Portugal's social security fund.
       The adult literacy rate is about 92 percent. Illiteracy is still found among the elderly. Although universal compulsory education up to grade 9 was achieved in 1980, only 21.2 percent of the population aged 25-64 had undergone secondary education, compared to an EU average of 65.7 percent. Portugal's higher education system currently consists of 14 state universities and 14 private universities, 15 state polytechnic institutions, one Catholic university, and one military academy. All in all, Portugal spends a greater percentage of its state budget on education than most EU member states. Despite this high level of expenditure, the troubled Portuguese education system does not perform well. Early leaving and repetition rates are among the highest among EU member states.
       After the Revolution of 25 April 1974, Portugal created a National Health Service, which today consists of 221 hospitals and 512 medical centers employing 33,751 doctors and 41,799 nurses. Like its education system, Portugal's medical system is inefficient. There are long waiting lists for appointments with specialists and for surgical procedures.
       Structural changes in Portugal's economy and society mean that social life in Portugal is not too different from that in other EU member states. A mass consumption society has been created. Televisions, telephones, refrigerators, cars, music equipment, mobile phones, and personal computers are commonplace. Sixty percent of Portuguese households possess at least one automobile, and 65 percent of Portuguese own their own home. Portuguese citizens are more aware of their legal rights than ever before. This has resulted in a trebling of the number of legal proceeding since 1960 and an eight-fold increase in the number of lawyers. In general, Portuguese society has become more permissive and secular; the Catholic Church and the armed forces are much less influential than in the past. Portugal's population is also much more culturally, religiously, and ethnically diverse, a consequence of the coming to Portugal of hundreds of thousands of immigrants, mainly from former African colonies.
       Portuguese are becoming more cosmopolitan and sophisticated through the impact of world media, the Internet, and the World Wide Web. A prime case in point came in the summer and early fall of 1999, with the extraordinary events in East Timor and the massive Portuguese popular responses. An internationally monitored referendum in East Timor, Portugal's former colony in the Indonesian archipelago and under Indonesian occupation from late 1975 to summer 1999, resulted in a vote of 78.5 percent for rejecting integration with Indonesia and for independence. When Indonesian prointegration gangs, aided by the Indonesian military, responded to the referendum with widespread brutality and threatened to reverse the verdict of the referendum, there was a spontaneous popular outpouring of protest in the cities and towns of Portugal. An avalanche of Portuguese e-mail fell on leaders and groups in the UN and in certain countries around the world as Portugal's diplomats, perhaps to compensate for the weak initial response to Indonesian armed aggression in 1975, called for the protection of East Timor as an independent state and for UN intervention to thwart Indonesian action. Using global communications networks, the Portuguese were able to mobilize UN and world public opinion against Indonesian actions and aided the eventual independence of East Timor on 20 May 2002.
       From the Revolution of 25 April 1974 until the 1990s, Portugal had a large number of political parties, one of the largest Communist parties in western Europe, frequent elections, and endemic cabinet instability. Since the 1990s, the number of political parties has been dramatically reduced and cabinet stability increased. Gradually, the Portuguese electorate has concentrated around two larger parties, the right-of-center Social Democrats (PSD) and the left-of-center Socialist (PS). In the 1980s, these two parties together garnered 65 percent of the vote and 70 percent of the seats in parliament. In 2005, these percentages had risen to 74 percent and 85 percent, respectively. In effect, Portugal is currently a two-party dominant system in which the two largest parties — PS and PSD—alternate in and out of power, not unlike the rotation of the two main political parties (the Regenerators and the Historicals) during the last decades (1850s to 1880s) of the liberal constitutional monarchy. As Portugal's democracy has consolidated, turnout rates for the eligible electorate have declined. In the 1970s, turnout was 85 percent. In Portugal's most recent parliamentary election (2005), turnout had fallen to 65 percent of the eligible electorate.
       Portugal has benefited greatly from membership in the EU, and whatever doubts remain about the price paid for membership, no Portuguese government in the near future can afford to sever this connection. The vast majority of Portuguese citizens see membership in the EU as a "good thing" and strongly believe that Portugal has benefited from membership. Only the Communist Party opposed membership because it reduces national sovereignty, serves the interests of capitalists not workers, and suffers from a democratic deficit. Despite the high level of support for the EU, Portuguese voters are increasingly not voting in elections for the European Parliament, however. Turnout for European Parliament elections fell from 40 percent of the eligible electorate in the 1999 elections to 38 percent in the 2004 elections.
       In sum, Portugal's turn toward Europe has done much to overcome its backwardness. However, despite the economic, social, and political progress made since 1986, Portugal has a long way to go before it can claim to be on a par with the level found even in Spain, much less the rest of western Europe. As Portugal struggles to move from underde-velopment, especially in the rural areas away from the coast, it must keep in mind the perils of too rapid modern development, which could damage two of its most precious assets: its scenery and environment. The growth and future prosperity of the economy will depend on the degree to which the government and the private sector will remain stewards of clean air, soil, water, and other finite resources on which the tourism industry depends and on which Portugal's world image as a unique place to visit rests. Currently, Portugal is investing heavily in renewable energy from solar, wind, and wave power in order to account for about 50 percent of its electricity needs by 2010. Portugal opened the world's largest solar power plant and the world's first commercial wave power farm in 2006.
       An American documentary film on Portugal produced in the 1970s described this little country as having "a Past in Search of a Future." In the years after the Revolution of 25 April 1974, it could be said that Portugal is now living in "a Present in Search of a Future." Increasingly, that future lies in Europe as an active and productive member of the EU.

    Historical dictionary of Portugal > Historical Portugal

  • 17 erheben

    (unreg.)
    I v/t
    1. (in die Höhe heben) (Arm, Glas, Augen) raise, lift (up); die Hand zum Gruß erheben raise one’s hand in greeting; seine Hand gegen jemanden erheben lift a hand against s.o.; erhobenen Hauptes geh. with head held high; seine Stimme erheben (zu sprechen anfangen) (begin to) speak, make one’s voice heard; (sich einsetzen) speak (out) (für / gegen in support of / against), declare o.s. (for/against); (seine Meinung sagen) express one’s view(s); (lauter sprechen) raise one’s voice, talk louder; erhoben; ein großes Geschrei erheben umg. make ( oder kick up) a great fuss ( wegen about s.th.), make a great song and dance about nothing; (protestieren) be up in arms (at once), protest furiously; Interessengruppe etc.: respond with a storm of protest
    2. lit. fig. (erbauen) (Geist, Gemüt) elevate, edify, improve, focus on higher things
    3. ( in einen höheren Rang einsetzen) elevate, promote, raise in status; in Redewendungen häufig: make; ein Dorf zur Stadt erheben make a village a town, give a village town status; etw. zum Prinzip / zur Maxime etc. erheben make s.th. a principle / a golden rule etc.; zum König etc. erhoben werden be made king etc.; in den Adelsstand erhoben werden in England: be elevated to the ( oder given a) peerage, be made a peer; Ritter: be knighted; HIST. be raised to the nobility
    4. MATH. raise; ins Quadrat erheben square; zur dritten Potenz erheben cube; zur vierten Potenz erheben raise to the fourth power
    5. (einfordern, einziehen) (Steuern, Zoll etc.) impose; (Gebühr) charge; (Beiträge) require
    6. bes. südd., österr. (amtlich feststellen) assess, register, record
    7. (Daten etc.) (sammeln) collect, compile, assemble; Beweise erheben JUR. assemble evidence
    8. (vorbringen, geltend machen) (Bedenken) express ( oder voice) reservations ( gegen about); einen Einwand erheben raise ( oder put forward) an objection ( gegen to); Beschuldigungen oder Vorwürfe gegen jemanden erheben criticize ( oder reproach) s.o. ( wegen for); Protest erheben gegen (make a) protest against; Anspruch, Einspruch, Klage 3 etc.
    II v/refl
    1. (aus dem Liegen oder Sitzen hochkommen) stand up, get up, rise förm., get ( oder rise förm.) to one’s feet; geh. (Bett verlassen) rise
    2. (in die Höhe steigen) Flugzeug, Vogel etc.: rise, climb; schnell, mühelos: soar (up)
    3. (emporragen) Berg, Turm etc.: rise; stärker: tower (up); sich erheben über (+ Akk) rise ( oder tower) above
    4. fig.: sich erheben über (+ Akk) (hinauskommen) rise above; (überlegen sein) be superior to
    5. fig.: sich erheben über (+ Akk) (sich für überlegen halten) look down on, think ( oder fancy) one is better than ( oder superior to)
    6. (rebellieren) Volk: rise (up) ( gegen against), rebel (against), revolt (against)
    7. fig. geh. (aufkommen, ausbrechen) Sturm: arise, come up, break; Wind: rise, get up, begin to blow; Frage: arise, be raised; Schwierigkeit: arise, crop up, occur; Zweifel etc.: arise, begin to form; Geschrei, Wehklagen etc.: break out, fill the air; es erhob sich lauter Protest there were ( oder this brought) loud protests; eine Stimme erhob sich somebody spoke (up); eine Stimme erhob sich aus der Menge a voice was ( oder could be) heard (from) among the crowd
    * * *
    (erhöhen) to exalt;
    (hochheben) to upraise; to elevate; to uplift; to raise;
    (verlangen) to levy; to raise;
    sich erheben
    to arise; to go up; to ascend; to rose; to get up; to rise
    * * *
    er|he|ben [ɛɐ'heːbn] ptp erhoben irreg [ɛɐ'hoːbn]
    1. vt
    1) (= hochheben) to raise (AUCH MATH), to lift (up); Glas, Stimme to raise

    die Hand zum Gruß erhében — to raise one's hand in greeting

    seinen or den Blick erhében — to look up

    jdn in den Adelsstand erhében — to raise or elevate sb to the peerage

    etw zu einem Prinzip/einer Regel etc erhében —

    jdn zum Herrscher erhében — to install sb as a/the ruler

    See:
    2) Gebühren to charge, to levy; Steuern (= einziehen) to raise, to levy; (= auferlegen) to impose
    3) Fakten, Daten to ascertain
    4) (liter = loben) to laud (liter), to extol (liter)
    2. vr
    1) (= aufstehen) to get up, to rise; (Flugzeug, Vogel) to rise
    2) (= sich auflehnen) to rise (up) (in revolt), to revolt
    3) (= aufragen) to rise (
    über +dat above)
    4)

    sich über eine Schwierigkeit erhében — to rise above or overcome a difficulty

    sich über andere erhében — to elevate or place oneself above others

    5) (= aufkommen) (Wind etc form Frage etc) to arise
    * * *
    1) (to improve (a person's mind etc): an elevating book.) elevate
    2) (to give (a shout etc).) raise
    3) (to (cause to) tremble or move with jerks: The explosion shook the building; We were shaking with laughter; Her voice shook as she told me the sad news.) shake
    * * *
    er·he·ben *
    I. vt
    ▪ etw \erheben to raise sth
    ein Messer [gegen jdn] \erheben to pull a knife [on sb]
    eine Schusswaffe [gegen jdn] erheben to draw a gun [on sb]
    den Arm/die Hand/die Faust [zum Gruß] \erheben to raise an arm/a hand/a fist [in greeting]
    ▪ etw [auf etw akk/von jdm] \erheben to levy sth [on sth/sb]
    4. (sammeln)
    ▪ etw \erheben to collect sth, to gather sth
    5. (machen)
    ▪ etw \erheben to render sth
    etw zu einem Prinzip \erheben to make sth into a principle
    6. (zum Ausdruck bringen)
    ein Geschrei/Gejammer \erheben to kick up [or to make] a fuss/to start whing[e]ing BRIT; Protest voice; Einspruch raise
    II. vr
    ▪ sich akk [von etw dat] \erheben to get up [from sth]
    ▪ sich akk [gegen jdn/etw] \erheben to rise up [against sb/sth]
    ▪ sich akk [über etw dat] \erheben to rise up [above sth]
    4. (geh: sich erhöhen)
    ▪ sich akk über jdn \erheben to believe oneself above sb
    Luzifer hatte sich über Gott erhoben Satan raised himself above God
    ▪ sich akk \erheben to start; Brise to come up; Wind to pick up; Sturm to blow up, to arise
    ein großes Geschrei/eine Wehklage erhob sich a cry/wail arose
    es erhebt sich aber immer noch die Frage,... the question still remains...
    * * *
    1.
    unregelmäßiges transitives Verb
    1) (emporheben) raise <one's arm/hand/glass>
    2) levy < tax>; charge < fee>
    3)
    4) gather, collect <data, material>
    5)

    Anklage erheben — bring or prefer charges

    2.
    1) rise
    2) (rebellieren) rise up ( gegen against)
    * * *
    erheben (irr)
    A. v/t
    1. (in die Höhe heben) (Arm, Glas, Augen) raise, lift (up);
    die Hand zum Gruß erheben raise one’s hand in greeting;
    seine Hand gegen jemanden erheben lift a hand against sb;
    erhobenen Hauptes geh with head held high;
    seine Stimme erheben (zu sprechen anfangen) (begin to) speak, make one’s voice heard; (sich einsetzen) speak (out) (
    für/gegen in support of/against), declare o.s. (for/against); (seine Meinung sagen) express one’s view(s); (lauter sprechen) raise one’s voice, talk louder; → erhoben;
    ein großes Geschrei erheben umg make ( oder kick up) a great fuss (
    wegen about sth), make a great song and dance about nothing; (protestieren) be up in arms (at once), protest furiously; Interessengruppe etc: respond with a storm of protest
    2. liter fig (erbauen) (Geist, Gemüt) elevate, edify, improve, focus on higher things
    3. (in einen höheren Rang einsetzen) elevate, promote, raise in status; in Redewendungen häufig: make;
    ein Dorf zur Stadt erheben make a village a town, give a village town status;
    etwas zum Prinzip/zur Maxime etc
    erheben make sth a principle/a golden rule etc;
    erhoben werden be made king etc;
    in den Adelsstand erhoben werden in England: be elevated to the ( oder given a) peerage, be made a peer; Ritter: be knighted; HIST be raised to the nobility
    4. MATH raise;
    zur vierten Potenz erheben raise to the fourth power
    5. (einfordern, einziehen) (Steuern, Zoll etc) impose; (Gebühr) charge; (Beiträge) require
    6. besonders südd, österr (amtlich feststellen) assess, register, record
    7. (Daten etc) (sammeln) collect, compile, assemble;
    Beweise erheben JUR assemble evidence
    8. (vorbringen, geltend machen) (Bedenken) express ( oder voice) reservations (
    gegen about);
    einen Einwand erheben raise ( oder put forward) an objection (
    gegen to);
    Vorwürfe gegen jemanden erheben criticize ( oder reproach) sb (
    wegen for);
    Protest erheben gegen (make a) protest against; → Anspruch, Einspruch, Klage 3 etc
    B. v/r
    1.(aus dem Liegen oder Sitzen hochkommen) stand up, get up, rise form, get ( oder rise form) to one’s feet; geh (Bett verlassen) rise
    2. (in die Höhe steigen) Flugzeug, Vogel etc: rise, climb; schnell, mühelos: soar (up)
    3. (emporragen) Berg, Turm etc: rise; stärker: tower (up);
    sich erheben über (+akk) rise ( oder tower) above
    4. fig:
    sich erheben über (+akk) (hinauskommen) rise above; (überlegen sein) be superior to
    5. fig:
    sich erheben über (+akk) (sich für überlegen halten) look down on, think ( oder fancy) one is better than ( oder superior to)
    6. (rebellieren) Volk: rise (up) (
    gegen against), rebel (against), revolt (against)
    7. fig geh (aufkommen, ausbrechen) Sturm: arise, come up, break; Wind: rise, get up, begin to blow; Frage: arise, be raised; Schwierigkeit: arise, crop up, occur; Zweifel etc: arise, begin to form; Geschrei, Wehklagen etc: break out, fill the air;
    es erhob sich lauter Protest there were ( oder this brought) loud protests;
    eine Stimme erhob sich somebody spoke (up);
    eine Stimme erhob sich aus der Menge a voice was ( oder could be) heard (from) among the crowd
    * * *
    1.
    unregelmäßiges transitives Verb
    1) (emporheben) raise <one's arm/hand/glass>
    2) levy < tax>; charge < fee>
    3)
    4) gather, collect <data, material>
    5)

    Anklage erheben — bring or prefer charges

    2.
    1) rise
    2) (rebellieren) rise up ( gegen against)
    * * *
    v.
    to elevate v.
    to extol v.
    to levy v.
    to raise v.
    to uplift v.
    to upraise v.

    Deutsch-Englisch Wörterbuch > erheben

  • 18 combinar

    v.
    1 to combine.
    combina lo práctico con lo barato it is both practical and cheap
    Ella combina minerales She combines minerals.
    Ella combina trabajo y placer She combines business with pleasure.
    Ella combina posibilidades She permutes possibilities.
    2 to mix (bebidas).
    3 to match (colores).
    4 to arrange, to organize.
    5 to bind.
    * * *
    1 (gen) to combine
    2 (disponer) to arrange, plan
    3 QUÍMICA to combine
    4 (colores) to match ( con, -), go ( con, with)
    1 (ponerse de acuerdo) to get together
    * * *
    verb
    •
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) [+ esfuerzos, movimientos] to combine; [+ colores] to match, mix
    2) [+ plan, proyecto] to devise, work out
    2.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    a) < ingredientes> to combine, mix together
    b) < colores> to put together

    combinar algo con algo: combinar el rojo con el violeta to put red and purple together; no puedes combinar esa falda con ese jersey — you can't wear that skirt with that sweater

    c) (Quím) to combine
    d) ( reunir) to combine
    2.
    combinar vi colores/ropa to go together
    3.
    combinarse v pron
    b) (Quím) to combine
    * * *
    = bridge, combine (together), link, marry, perform + combination, pick and mix, coalesce, blend, mix and match, piece together, concatenate, conflate, mingle (with), mesh, bundle, federate, couple, mix, mash up, conjoin, conjugate, commingle.
    Ex. BLAISE offers a variety of services bridging the cataloguing and information retrieval functions.
    Ex. Search aids are available in the form of logical statements which combine terms in order to be able to trace subjects according to a more specific document profile.
    Ex. These references operate in a similar fashion whether they are used to link authors' names or subject headings.
    Ex. At that time OCLC was already going strong, and we tried to find some backing from the State of New York and possibly from the federal government to marry those two systems.
    Ex. If a search involves more than a single term, the system searches for each term separately, and reports intermediate results before performing the combination.
    Ex. Modular courses are already in place from which a student can pick and mix.
    Ex. Mayo's conclusion was that 'the singling out of certain groups of employees for special attention had the effect of coalescing previously indifferent individuals into cohesive groups with a high degree of group ride or esprit-de-corps'.
    Ex. In her last appraisal they had observed how she blended many attractive personal qualities with intelligence, energy, and determination.
    Ex. It is possible to mix and match from copyright law, patent law and trade secret and contract law, and the choice of avenue offering the best protection will depend upon many variables.
    Ex. During his stay in Laputa, Captain Gulliver was very impressed by a book-writing machine which produced fragments of sentences which were dictated to scribes and later pieced together.
    Ex. Individual files are concatenated to allow a full Boolean search to all files simultaneously.
    Ex. Authors did not always read proofs; revises might be omitted and routines conflated.
    Ex. Not so long ago, the far off lands existed, to most people, in their imagination where they mingled with fairy tales and imaginary stories.
    Ex. Meshing together the many means of communication remains the central task of libraries and this task continues to require financial support = La tarea central de las bibliotecas sigue siendo la de combinar los númerosos medios de comunicación, algo que continúa necesitando apoyo económico.
    Ex. CD-ROM products that combine, or bundle, related information services will be at the forefront because of their usefulness to end-users.
    Ex. The usefulness of the many online periodicals and scientific digital libraries that exist today is limited by the inability to federate these resources through a unified interface.
    Ex. The author describes a model for coupling hypertext and a knowledge based system.
    Ex. Plaster was mixed with water and poured over the type, and allowed to set; when it had hardened it was lifted off the page (the oil preventing it from sticking to the type), and baked hard in an oven.
    Ex. The name comes from pop music, where DJs have made a hobby out of mashing up multiple, disparate songs to create new sounds.
    Ex. The grotesque is an effect achieved by conjoining disparate framents which do not realistically belong together.
    Ex. The problema can be solved by conjugating two bare hard disks.
    Ex. By mixing the marital property (your paycheck) with the separate property (your inheritance), you have ' commingled' them, and they cannot be considered separate property anymore.
    ----
    * combinar Algo con Algo = marry + Nombre + with + Nombre.
    * combinar con = intersperse with.
    * combinar en = meld (in/into).
    * combinar intereses = bridge + interests.
    * que combina diferentes tipos de re = multi-source [multi source].
    * volver a combinar = recombine [re-combine].
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    a) < ingredientes> to combine, mix together
    b) < colores> to put together

    combinar algo con algo: combinar el rojo con el violeta to put red and purple together; no puedes combinar esa falda con ese jersey — you can't wear that skirt with that sweater

    c) (Quím) to combine
    d) ( reunir) to combine
    2.
    combinar vi colores/ropa to go together
    3.
    combinarse v pron
    b) (Quím) to combine
    * * *
    = bridge, combine (together), link, marry, perform + combination, pick and mix, coalesce, blend, mix and match, piece together, concatenate, conflate, mingle (with), mesh, bundle, federate, couple, mix, mash up, conjoin, conjugate, commingle.

    Ex: BLAISE offers a variety of services bridging the cataloguing and information retrieval functions.

    Ex: Search aids are available in the form of logical statements which combine terms in order to be able to trace subjects according to a more specific document profile.
    Ex: These references operate in a similar fashion whether they are used to link authors' names or subject headings.
    Ex: At that time OCLC was already going strong, and we tried to find some backing from the State of New York and possibly from the federal government to marry those two systems.
    Ex: If a search involves more than a single term, the system searches for each term separately, and reports intermediate results before performing the combination.
    Ex: Modular courses are already in place from which a student can pick and mix.
    Ex: Mayo's conclusion was that 'the singling out of certain groups of employees for special attention had the effect of coalescing previously indifferent individuals into cohesive groups with a high degree of group ride or esprit-de-corps'.
    Ex: In her last appraisal they had observed how she blended many attractive personal qualities with intelligence, energy, and determination.
    Ex: It is possible to mix and match from copyright law, patent law and trade secret and contract law, and the choice of avenue offering the best protection will depend upon many variables.
    Ex: During his stay in Laputa, Captain Gulliver was very impressed by a book-writing machine which produced fragments of sentences which were dictated to scribes and later pieced together.
    Ex: Individual files are concatenated to allow a full Boolean search to all files simultaneously.
    Ex: Authors did not always read proofs; revises might be omitted and routines conflated.
    Ex: Not so long ago, the far off lands existed, to most people, in their imagination where they mingled with fairy tales and imaginary stories.
    Ex: Meshing together the many means of communication remains the central task of libraries and this task continues to require financial support = La tarea central de las bibliotecas sigue siendo la de combinar los númerosos medios de comunicación, algo que continúa necesitando apoyo económico.
    Ex: CD-ROM products that combine, or bundle, related information services will be at the forefront because of their usefulness to end-users.
    Ex: The usefulness of the many online periodicals and scientific digital libraries that exist today is limited by the inability to federate these resources through a unified interface.
    Ex: The author describes a model for coupling hypertext and a knowledge based system.
    Ex: Plaster was mixed with water and poured over the type, and allowed to set; when it had hardened it was lifted off the page (the oil preventing it from sticking to the type), and baked hard in an oven.
    Ex: The name comes from pop music, where DJs have made a hobby out of mashing up multiple, disparate songs to create new sounds.
    Ex: The grotesque is an effect achieved by conjoining disparate framents which do not realistically belong together.
    Ex: The problema can be solved by conjugating two bare hard disks.
    Ex: By mixing the marital property (your paycheck) with the separate property (your inheritance), you have ' commingled' them, and they cannot be considered separate property anymore.
    * combinar Algo con Algo = marry + Nombre + with + Nombre.
    * combinar con = intersperse with.
    * combinar en = meld (in/into).
    * combinar intereses = bridge + interests.
    * que combina diferentes tipos de re = multi-source [multi source].
    * volver a combinar = recombine [re-combine].

    * * *
    combinar [A1 ]
    vt
    1 ‹ingredientes› to combine, mix together
    2 ‹colores› to put together
    no se puede combinar esos dos colores you can't put those two colors together
    no sabe combinar la ropa he isn't very good at coordinating clothes
    combinar algo CON algo:
    me gusta la falda pero no tengo con qué combinarla I like the skirt but I have nothing to wear with it o to go with it
    ¿a quién se le ocurre combinar el rojo con el violeta? how could you think of putting red and purple together?
    no puedes combinar esa falda con ese jersey you can't wear that skirt with that sweater
    3 ( Quím) to combine
    4 (reunir) to combine
    ■ combinar
    vi
    «colores/ropa»: combinar CON algo; to go WITH sth
    quiero un bolso que combine con estos zapatos I want a bag that goes with o to go with these shoes
    1
    «personas» (ponerse de acuerdo): se combinaron para sorprenderlo they got together to give him a surprise
    se combinaron para gastarle una broma they got together o ganged up to play a trick on him
    nos combinamos para estar allí a las seis we all arranged to be there at six
    2 ( Quím) to combine
    * * *

     

    combinar ( conjugate combinar) verbo transitivo


    ‹ ropa› to coordinate;

    verbo intransitivo [colores/ropa] to go together;
    combinar con algo to go with sth
    combinar verbo transitivo, to combine, mix: hay que saber combinar estos dos sabores, you need to know how to best combine these two flavours
    ' combinar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    calor
    - entonar
    - ir
    - mezclar
    - pegar
    - compaginar
    - salir
    - sintetizar
    English:
    blend
    - combine
    - match
    - merge
    - coordinate
    - go
    - mix
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [unir, mezclar] to combine;
    combina lo práctico con lo barato it is both practical and cheap
    2. [bebidas] to mix
    3. [colores] to match
    4. [planificar] to arrange, to organize;
    combinan sus horarios para que siempre haya alguien en casa they arrange the hours they work so there's always somebody at home
    5. Mat to permute
    6. Quím to combine
    ♦ vi
    [colores, ropa]
    combinar con to go with;
    no tengo nada que combine con estos pantalones I haven't got anything to go o that goes with these trousers
    * * *
    v/t combine
    * * *
    1) unir: to combine, to mix together
    2) : to match, to put together
    * * *
    1. (en general) to combine
    2. (tener armonía) to match / to go with

    Spanish-English dictionary > combinar

  • 19 destacar

    v.
    1 to emphasize, to highlight (poner de relieve).
    cabe destacar que… it is important to point out that…
    hay que destacar el trabajo de los actores the acting deserves special mention
    Ella destaca sus logros She highlights his achievements.
    Ella destacó su importancia She emphasized its importance.
    2 to station (tropas).
    3 to stand out.
    destaca entre sus otras novelas por su humor it stands out among her other novels for o because of its humor
    Sus logros destacan His achievements stand out.
    4 to put on the front, to deploy, to detach, to put at the front line.
    Ricardo destacó al alumno Richard put the student on the front.
    * * *
    Conjugation model [ SACAR], like link=sacar sacar
    1 (despuntar) to stand out
    1 MILITAR to detach
    2 (en pintura) to highlight, make stand out
    3 figurado (dar énfasis) to point out, emphasize
    1 to stand out
    * * *
    verb
    1) to highlight, emphasize
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (=hacer resaltar) to emphasize

    quiero destacar que... — I wish to emphasize that...

    2) (Mil) to detach, detail
    3) (Inform) to highlight
    2.
    VI
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) (recalcar, subrayar) to emphasize, stress
    2) ( realzar) <belleza/figura> to enhance; <color/plano> to bring out
    3)
    a) (Mil) < tropas> to post

    destacar a alguien para + inf — to detail somebody to + inf

    b) <periodista/fotógrafo> to send
    2.
    destacar vi to stand out

    destacar en algo — to excel at o in something

    * * *
    = bring into + focus, emphasise [emphasize, -USA], give + prominence, give + emphasis, highlight, make + Posesivo + mark, single out, illuminate, heighten, stand out in + the text, play up, stand out, foreground, lay + emphasis on, be to the fore, bring to + the fore, come to + the fore, give + highlights, excel, spotlight, bring to + the forefront, place + great store on, create + a high profile for, give + a high profile, have + high profile, bring + attention to, stand + apart, shine, deploy, flag + Nombre + up, stand + proud.
    Ex. The current technological scene is reviewed to bring fee-related issues into sharper focus.
    Ex. Analytical cataloguing aims to emphasise the content of documents, rather than relying entirely upon cataloguing whole works.
    Ex. Provision should be on the basis of quality and originality, with classic works of the genre given prominence.
    Ex. Some are poorly written giving either too much or too little data, and giving undue emphasis to the author's priorities.
    Ex. In each case the object of the discussion will be to highlight what appear to be the significant aspects, particularly those concerning the background which affect the nature of the scheme.
    Ex. Prior to that date he had already begun to make his mark.
    Ex. Conference proceedings are singled out for special attention because they are an important category of material in relation to abstracting and indexing publications.
    Ex. This appraisal attempts to illuminate aspects of Irish library history omitted from international reference works.
    Ex. Automated support services have heightened the sense of interdependency between libraries and vendors.
    Ex. Both Dialog and Chemical Abstracts Service stand out in the text.
    Ex. A long-standing but unfortunate tradition plays up antagonism between those librarians who become catalogers and those who opt for reference or public service.
    Ex. Three national library catalogues stand out as highly important sources of general bibliography.
    Ex. His survey of how such poetry has been edited in recent years, however, shows that a single edition is still foregrounded while other editions are only obliquely indicated via footnotes.
    Ex. Her article lays emphasis on some of the concerns that are important to the continued development of effective information policies.
    Ex. Those countries which were already to the fore in science and technology certainly faced problems in the handling of information.
    Ex. Installation of new computer terminals may bring the problem to the fore.
    Ex. As this table shows, the age profile for all borrowers is very close to that of all adults in the country but when one looks at the more frequent users, the regular borrowers, the older people come more to the fore.
    Ex. This article gives highlights of a trade show on the applications of optical information systems in publishing organised by Learned Information and held in New York City, 15-17 Oct 86.
    Ex. Expert systems represent an attempt to harness, as an intellectual tool, those features of the computer where it excels in the handling of data.
    Ex. This article spotlights the role that authority files play in promoting uniformity of cataloguing practice.
    Ex. This theft of valuable letters and documents brings to the forefront, once again, the question of collection security in the nation's archives.
    Ex. The IFLA letter places great store on the number of FID members who are also IFLA members.
    Ex. This article pesents an interview with George Cunningham who sees his role as creating a high profile for the library profession and fostering a love of books.
    Ex. The course gives information technology a very high profile.
    Ex. Before the launch of Penguin Books India in 1987, trade publishing in English in India did not have the high profile in bookstores it has today..
    Ex. In crisp, economical prose, the journal calmly brought attention to the nooks and crannies, and absurdities of university life, concerning itself with both the idiosyncratic and the profound.
    Ex. There are many books published in the world and of many kinds, but one category stands apart: books that come under the heading of literature.
    Ex. A light box would be provided for this purpose so that the cards could be accurately stacked on top of each other to allow the light from the light box to shine through any holes that the three cards had in common.
    Ex. Any attack on Iran will require that military forces quickly deploy to Dubai to forestall the closing of the strait.
    Ex. If you spot an error then flag it up to your bank promptly and insist they take action to rectify it.
    Ex. Even now, hundreds of years after his death, his timepieces stand proud in historic buildings around the world.
    ----
    * destacar con mucho sobre = stand out + head and shoulders (above/over), be head and shoulder (above/over).
    * destacar en = pull off on.
    * destacar la importancia = underscore + importance.
    * destacar la importancia de = stress + the importance of, emphasise + the importance of, highlight + the importance of.
    * destacar por encima de los demás = stand out from + the rest, stand out above + the rest, stand out in + the crowd.
    * destacar sobre los demás = stand out above + the rest, stand out from + the rest, stand out in + the crowd.
    * es de destacar que = significantly.
    * es importante destacar = importantly.
    * hay que destacar = importantly.
    * sin acontecimientos que destacar = uneventful.
    * sin nada que destacar = uneventful.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo
    1) (recalcar, subrayar) to emphasize, stress
    2) ( realzar) <belleza/figura> to enhance; <color/plano> to bring out
    3)
    a) (Mil) < tropas> to post

    destacar a alguien para + inf — to detail somebody to + inf

    b) <periodista/fotógrafo> to send
    2.
    destacar vi to stand out

    destacar en algo — to excel at o in something

    * * *
    = bring into + focus, emphasise [emphasize, -USA], give + prominence, give + emphasis, highlight, make + Posesivo + mark, single out, illuminate, heighten, stand out in + the text, play up, stand out, foreground, lay + emphasis on, be to the fore, bring to + the fore, come to + the fore, give + highlights, excel, spotlight, bring to + the forefront, place + great store on, create + a high profile for, give + a high profile, have + high profile, bring + attention to, stand + apart, shine, deploy, flag + Nombre + up, stand + proud.

    Ex: The current technological scene is reviewed to bring fee-related issues into sharper focus.

    Ex: Analytical cataloguing aims to emphasise the content of documents, rather than relying entirely upon cataloguing whole works.
    Ex: Provision should be on the basis of quality and originality, with classic works of the genre given prominence.
    Ex: Some are poorly written giving either too much or too little data, and giving undue emphasis to the author's priorities.
    Ex: In each case the object of the discussion will be to highlight what appear to be the significant aspects, particularly those concerning the background which affect the nature of the scheme.
    Ex: Prior to that date he had already begun to make his mark.
    Ex: Conference proceedings are singled out for special attention because they are an important category of material in relation to abstracting and indexing publications.
    Ex: This appraisal attempts to illuminate aspects of Irish library history omitted from international reference works.
    Ex: Automated support services have heightened the sense of interdependency between libraries and vendors.
    Ex: Both Dialog and Chemical Abstracts Service stand out in the text.
    Ex: A long-standing but unfortunate tradition plays up antagonism between those librarians who become catalogers and those who opt for reference or public service.
    Ex: Three national library catalogues stand out as highly important sources of general bibliography.
    Ex: His survey of how such poetry has been edited in recent years, however, shows that a single edition is still foregrounded while other editions are only obliquely indicated via footnotes.
    Ex: Her article lays emphasis on some of the concerns that are important to the continued development of effective information policies.
    Ex: Those countries which were already to the fore in science and technology certainly faced problems in the handling of information.
    Ex: Installation of new computer terminals may bring the problem to the fore.
    Ex: As this table shows, the age profile for all borrowers is very close to that of all adults in the country but when one looks at the more frequent users, the regular borrowers, the older people come more to the fore.
    Ex: This article gives highlights of a trade show on the applications of optical information systems in publishing organised by Learned Information and held in New York City, 15-17 Oct 86.
    Ex: Expert systems represent an attempt to harness, as an intellectual tool, those features of the computer where it excels in the handling of data.
    Ex: This article spotlights the role that authority files play in promoting uniformity of cataloguing practice.
    Ex: This theft of valuable letters and documents brings to the forefront, once again, the question of collection security in the nation's archives.
    Ex: The IFLA letter places great store on the number of FID members who are also IFLA members.
    Ex: This article pesents an interview with George Cunningham who sees his role as creating a high profile for the library profession and fostering a love of books.
    Ex: The course gives information technology a very high profile.
    Ex: Before the launch of Penguin Books India in 1987, trade publishing in English in India did not have the high profile in bookstores it has today..
    Ex: In crisp, economical prose, the journal calmly brought attention to the nooks and crannies, and absurdities of university life, concerning itself with both the idiosyncratic and the profound.
    Ex: There are many books published in the world and of many kinds, but one category stands apart: books that come under the heading of literature.
    Ex: A light box would be provided for this purpose so that the cards could be accurately stacked on top of each other to allow the light from the light box to shine through any holes that the three cards had in common.
    Ex: Any attack on Iran will require that military forces quickly deploy to Dubai to forestall the closing of the strait.
    Ex: If you spot an error then flag it up to your bank promptly and insist they take action to rectify it.
    Ex: Even now, hundreds of years after his death, his timepieces stand proud in historic buildings around the world.
    * destacar con mucho sobre = stand out + head and shoulders (above/over), be head and shoulder (above/over).
    * destacar en = pull off on.
    * destacar la importancia = underscore + importance.
    * destacar la importancia de = stress + the importance of, emphasise + the importance of, highlight + the importance of.
    * destacar por encima de los demás = stand out from + the rest, stand out above + the rest, stand out in + the crowd.
    * destacar sobre los demás = stand out above + the rest, stand out from + the rest, stand out in + the crowd.
    * es de destacar que = significantly.
    * es importante destacar = importantly.
    * hay que destacar = importantly.
    * sin acontecimientos que destacar = uneventful.
    * sin nada que destacar = uneventful.

    * * *
    destacar [A2 ]
    vt
    A (recalcar, subrayar) to emphasize, stress
    destacó la gravedad de la situación he underlined o stressed o emphasized the gravity of the situation
    B ( Art) to highlight, bring out
    C
    1 (enviar) ‹tropas› to post
    fueron destacados para defender el puente they were detailed to defend the bridge
    2 ‹periodista/fotógrafo› to send
    ■ destacar
    vi
    to stand out
    el trabajo destaca por su originalidad the work is remarkable for o stands out because of its originality
    el marco hace destacar aún más la belleza del cuadro the frame further enhances the beauty of the picture
    destacó como autor teatral he was an outstanding playwright
    a lo lejos destacaba el campanario de la iglesia the church tower stood out in the distance
    nunca destacó como estudiante he never excelled o shone as a student
    destaca entre los de su edad por su estatura he stands out from others of his age because of his height
    * * *

     

    destacar ( conjugate destacar) verbo transitivo
    1 (recalcar, subrayar) to emphasize, stress
    2 ( realzar) ‹belleza/figura› to enhance;
    ‹color/plano› to bring out
    3
    a) (Mil) ‹ tropas› to post

    b) ‹periodista/fotógrafo› to send

    verbo intransitivo
    to stand out;
    destacar en algo to excel at o in sth
    destacar vtr fig to emphasize, stress
    destacar(se) verbo intransitivo & verbo reflexivo to stand out
    ' destacar' also found in these entries:
    Spanish:
    brillar
    - despuntar
    - destacarse
    - perfilarse
    - realzar
    - resaltar
    - sobresalir
    - subrayar
    English:
    angular
    - detail
    - highlight
    - shine
    - stand out
    - crowd
    - excel
    - heighten
    - stand
    - tower
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [poner de relieve] to emphasize, to highlight;
    debo destacar lo importante que es la operación I must stress o emphasize how important the operation is;
    cabe destacar que… it is important to point out that…;
    hay que destacar el trabajo de los actores the acting deserves special mention
    2. [tropas] to station;
    [corresponsales] to assign, to send
    ♦ vi
    [sobresalir] to stand out;
    tiene afán por destacar she is keen to excel;
    destacó como concertista de piano he was an outstanding concert pianist;
    hay una alumna que destaca de los demás/entre todos there is one student who stands out from the others/from all the others;
    destaca en sus estudios she is an outstanding student;
    destaca entre sus otras novelas por su humor it stands out from her other novels for o because of its humour;
    destaca mucho por su imponente físico he really stands out because of his impressive physique;
    un pueblo que no destaca por nada en particular a town that is not remarkable for anything in particular, a rather unremarkable town
    * * *
    I v/i stand out
    II v/t emphasize
    * * *
    destacar {72} vt
    1) enfatizar, subrayar: to emphasize, to highlight, to stress
    2) : to station, to post
    : to stand out
    * * *
    1. (resaltar) to point out / to emphasize
    2. (sobresalir) to stand out [pt. & pp. stood]

    Spanish-English dictionary > destacar

  • 20 engranar

    v.
    1 to engage (piezas).
    2 to link, to connect (ideas).
    3 to interlock, to gear, to engage, to lock with the other part.
    * * *
    1 TÉCNICA to engage, mesh
    2 figurado (enlazar) to connect, link
    1 TÉCNICA to engage, mesh
    2 figurado to connect, link
    * * *
    verb
    * * *
    1. VT
    1) (Téc) to gear
    2) [+ ideas] to link together, link up
    2.
    VI to interlock; (Mec) to engage ( con with)
    3.
    See:
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo <piezas/dientes> to mesh, engage; < marcha> to engage
    2.
    engranar vi piezas to engage, mesh; marcha to engage (frml)
    * * *
    = mesh, gear.
    Ex. Meshing together the many means of communication remains the central task of libraries and this task continues to require financial support = La tarea central de las bibliotecas sigue siendo la de combinar los númerosos medios de comunicación, algo que continúa necesitando apoyo económico.
    Ex. The main reason he wimped out was that he had a cheap bike that didn't gear properly, and made it extremely hard to bike efficiently.
    * * *
    1.
    verbo transitivo <piezas/dientes> to mesh, engage; < marcha> to engage
    2.
    engranar vi piezas to engage, mesh; marcha to engage (frml)
    * * *
    = mesh, gear.

    Ex: Meshing together the many means of communication remains the central task of libraries and this task continues to require financial support = La tarea central de las bibliotecas sigue siendo la de combinar los númerosos medios de comunicación, algo que continúa necesitando apoyo económico.

    Ex: The main reason he wimped out was that he had a cheap bike that didn't gear properly, and made it extremely hard to bike efficiently.

    * * *
    engranar [A1 ]
    vt
    ‹piezas/dientes› to mesh, engage; ‹marcha› to engage
    ■ engranar
    vi
    1 «piezas» to engage, mesh; «marcha» to engage ( frml)
    la tercera no engrana I can't get it into third, it won't go into third, third gear won't engage
    2 ( RPl fam) (enojarse) to get angry, get into a strop ( BrE colloq)
    * * *
    ♦ vt
    1. [piezas] to engage
    2. [ideas] to link, to connect
    3. Am [marchas] to engage
    ♦ vi
    RP Fam to fly off the handle, to flare up;
    ojo con él, que enseguida engrana watch what you say to him, he flies off the handle at the least thing
    * * *
    v/i mesh, engage
    * * *
    : to mesh, to engage
    : to mesh gears

    Spanish-English dictionary > engranar

Страницы

См. также в других словарях:

  • support — The place on a chart where the buying of futures contracts is sufficient to halt a price decline. Chicago Board of Trade glossary A horizontal price range where price hovers due to buying pressure before attempting a downward move. The CENTER… …   Financial and business terms

  • support — {{Roman}}I.{{/Roman}} noun 1 help and encouragement ADJECTIVE ▪ complete, full, total ▪ firm, solid, strong ▪ The candidate enjoys the firm support of local industry …   Collocations dictionary

  • require — verb ADVERB ▪ urgently ▪ Many of the refugees urgently require medical treatment. ▪ reasonably (law, esp. BrE) ▪ generally, normally, typically …   Collocations dictionary

  • Support double — The Support double is a bridge convention invented by Eric Rodwell as a way of clarifying the amount of support held for your partner. It is normally used by the opening bidder in a competitive auction. The support double shows three card support …   Wikipedia

  • Child support — Family law Entering into marriag …   Wikipedia

  • Electronic performance support systems — In Electronic Performance Support Systems , published in 1991, Gloria Gery defined EPSS as:an integrated electronic environment that is available to and easilyaccessible by each employee and is structured to provide immediate, individualized on… …   Wikipedia

  • Pregnant Women Support Act — The Pregnant Women Support Act was created by the Democrats for Life of America and [http://www.house.gov/lincolndavis/releaseseptember202006.htm introduced into the Congress] by Representative Lincoln Davis of Tennessee. It is, according to… …   Wikipedia

  • List of computer games that require hardware transform and lighting — This is a list of computer games that require DirectX 7 fixed function transform and lighting support to run. Games that only have transform and lighting as an optional feature are not listed here. An example would be Age of Empires 3 but not… …   Wikipedia

  • Child support in the United States — Main article: Child support The law governing child support in the United States varies state by state and Native American tribe by tribe; each individual state and federally recognized tribe is responsible for developing its own guidelines for… …   Wikipedia

  • Clinical decision support system — (CDSS or CDS) is an interactive decision support system (DSS) Computer Software, which is designed to assist physicians and other health professionals with decision making tasks, as determining diagnosis of patient data. A working definition has… …   Wikipedia

  • Education (Additional Support for Learning) (Scotland) Act 2004 — Infobox UK Legislation short title=Education (Additional Support for Learning) (Scotland) Act 2004 parliament=Scottish Parliament long title=An Act of the Scottish Parliament to make provision for additional support in connection with the school… …   Wikipedia

Поделиться ссылкой на выделенное

Прямая ссылка:
… Нажмите правой клавишей мыши и выберите «Копировать ссылку»